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Human Evolution

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Title: Human Evolution


1
Human Evolution
2
The Descent of Man
  • Published 1871, 12 years after The Origin of
    Species
  • Darwin proposed that humans, gorillas, and
    chimpanzees descended from common ancestor

3
Evolution of primates
hominoids
Primate ancestor
The two main groups of primates are prosimians
and anthropoids
4
Primate ancestor
  • The first primate evolved 50-60 mya

5
Characteristics of primates
  • Binocular vision
  • due to forward placement of eyes
  • Grasping hands and feet
  • Well-developed cerebrum
  • Arms that can rotate around the shoulders

Many of these adaptations are useful for living
in trees
6
Binocular vision
  • Eyes face forward, giving overlapping fields of
    view
  • Provides 3-D view
  • Depth perception needed for movement in trees,
    seizing food

Mouse lemur
7
Grasping hands and feet
  • Grasping fingers that curl around objects
  • Only primates have both binocular vision and
    grasping hands

Arms that rotate around the shoulder
  • Adaptation to climbing

8
Well-developed cerebrum
  • Thinking area of the brain

9
Prosimians
  • Small, nocturnal
  • Large eyes adapted for seeing in the dark
  • Branched off very early from common ancestor
  • Present day prosimians
  • lemurs, bush babies, lorises, tarsiers

10
  • Lemur
  • Madagascar

11
  • Loris
  • India

12
  • Bush baby
  • Africa

13
  • Tarsier
  • Borneo

14
Anthropoids
  • Humanlike primates
  • Two branches
  • New World monkeys
  • Live in trees
  • Prehensile tail
  • Old World monkeys and great apes
  • Old World Monkeys (baboons and macaques)
  • Live in trees
  • No prehensile tail
  • Great apes or hominoids
  • (gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, humans)

15
Black-handed Spider Monkey --- A New World monkey
16
Old World Monkeys
macaques
baboon
17
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18
Great apes or hominoids
  • Gibbons, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas
    humans

gibbon
orangutan
19
Gorilla gorilla Second closest relative to humans
20
Bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee Pan paniscus
Democratic Republic of Congo
Common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes Equatorial
Africa
21
Chimpanzees
  • Closest relative to humans
  • 98 DNA is same

22
Hominids
  • Primates that can walk upright on two legs
    bipedal
  • Frees both hands for using tools
  • Opposable thumb
  • Large brain
  • (human brain 1200 1600 cm3)

23
Hominid Evolution
24
Genus Australopithecus
  • The first hominids
  • Some species direct ancestors of modern humans
  • Some are separate branches and are not direct
    ancestors
  • 4 mya to 1 mya

See family tree on pg. 839
25
Australopithecus africanus
  • Discovered by Raymond Dart, 1924
  • Claimed to be the long-sought evolutionary link
    between humans and apes

26
Australopithecus afarensis
  • Discovered by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia, 1974

Lucy lived 3.2 million years ago.
27
Paranthropus and Kenyanthropus
  • Scientists unable to agree on how to place these
    on family
  • Up to 4 hominid species coexisted at the same
    time
  • Kenyanthropus platyops
  • - Combines features of both
  • chimpanzees and genus Homo

28
Kenyanthropus platyops
29
Modern humans Genus Homo
  • Appeared 2.5 mya in Africa
  • Homo habilis Handy Man
  • Fossils found with tools
  • Earliest fossil, lived 2.5 mya in Africa
  • Homo erectus (Java man)
  • Migrated from Africa to Asia

30
Homo habilis
31
Homo erectus
32
Two theories for Homo sapiens origin
  • Multi-regional model
  • Ancestors of Homo sapiens left Africa. Homo
    sapiens then evolved outside of Africa.
  • Out-of-Africa model
  • Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, then migrated to
    other continents
  • This theory supported by mitochondrial DNA data /
    most widely accepted

33
The past 500,000 years
  • Homo neanderthalensis, Neanderthal man
  • Flourished 200,000-30,000 ya
  • Europe, middle East, western Asia
  • Short, powerfully built massive skull,
    protruding face, heavy ridge over brow
  • Took care of sick, buried their dead may have
    believed in life after death abstract thinking
  • Abruptly disappeared 34,000 ya

34
Homo neanderthalensis
35
The past 500,000 years
  • Homo sapiens (wise man)
  • Homo sapiens lived at the same time as
    Neanderthals in mid-East
  • Evidence of changes 50-40000 ya sophistication
    of tools, art, rituals---similar to modern humans

36
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37
Early modern humans
  • Lived by hunting
  • Complex patterns of social interaction
  • Sophisticated language
  • Crossed land bridge from Siberia to North America

38
Homo sapiens today
  • Effective use of tools
  • Symbolic language
  • Cultural evolution
  • Change environment rather than changing ourselves
    in response to the environment

39
Comparison of Skulls of Human Ancestors
Large brow ridge
Large nose
Large canine teeth
Face protrudes forward
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo erectus
Round, high skull
Weak brow ridge
Large brain case
Inflated cheeks
Largenose
Even teeth
Strong chin
Neanderthal
Cro-Magnon
Modern Homo sapiens
40
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41
Human and Gorilla Skeletons
Section 32-3
Modern Human
Comparing Human and Gorilla Skeletons
Modern Human
Modern Gorilla
Modern Gorilla
Skull atopS-shaped spine Spinal cord exitsat
bottom of skull Arms shorter thanlegs hands do
not touch groundduring walking Pelvis is
bowl-shaped Thigh bones angledinward,
directlybelow body
Skull atopC-shaped spine Spinal cord exitsnear
back of skull Arms longer thanlegs hands touch
ground during walking Pelvis is longand
narrow Thigh bones angledaway from pelvis
42
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