Incorporation of National Universities in Japan 4years experience

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Incorporation of National Universities in Japan-
4-years experience -

• Toshio Kuroki, MD
• Deputy Director of Research Center
• Japan Society for Promotion of Science
• Former President of Gifu University
• OECD-Portugal International Conference
• Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society
• 3-4 April, Lisbon

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• Universities in Japan
• National universities . . . . 86
• Public universities . . . . . . 76
• Private universities . . . . . 582
• 745 in total (2006)

• Numbers of universities per million
• USA. . . . . . . . . 7.8 (2001-02)
• Japan. . . . . . . 5.8 (2007)
• Germany . . . . 2.0 (2001-02 )
• UK . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 (2001-02 )
• France . . . . . . .1.4 (2001-02 )

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National Universities

• Former Imperial universities . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . 7
• (Tokyo, Kyoto, Tohoku, Osaka,
  Kyushu, Hokkaido, Nagoya)
• Regional universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . 40
• Professional /Technical universities . . . . . .
  . . . . . 35
• (Technology,
  Education, Medicine, Art, Commerce etc.)
• Graduate Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  . . . . . . . . . . . 4
• Differences among 86 national universities
• Largest Smallest Raito
• Budget 193 2 88.1
• Property 981 65 150.9
• Administrative expenses 93 15 61.6
• Staff 6,730 138 48.8
• Students 24,066 662 36.3

Budget Billion yen
Largest Univ. of Tokyo
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2007 THES-QS World Ranking of Japanese
Universities

• Univ. of Tokyo 17
• Univ. of Kyoto 25
• Univ. of Osaka 46
• Tokyo Inst. Tech 90
• Tohoku Univ. 102
• Nagoya Univ. 112
• Kyushu Univ. 136
• Hokkaido Univ. 151
• Keio Univ. (private) 161
• Waseda Univ. (private) 180

Kobe Univ. 197 Univ. of Tsukuba
209 Univ. of HIroshima 212
Univ. of Nagasaki 273 Chiba Univ.
284 Showa Univ. (private) 318 Gumma
Univ. 331 Tokyo Munic.Univ.
335 Gifu Univ. 345 Yokohama
Nat. Univ. 354
Blue Former Imperial Universities
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Incorporation of National Universities

• In 2004, national universities were reformed to
  a form of Incorporation to increase their
  autonomy and responsible independence.
• The incorporation was accompanied by legal
  changes to ensure the decision making process
  under the leadership of president and advises of
  external authorities.
• Financially, the government supports basic budget
  (40-80 of total budget), which is subjected to
  reduce by 1 a year. Also, the basic subsidies
  will be evaluated by the performance during the
  first 6 years (FY2004-2010).

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Toyama Plan

• Proposed by Ms. Toyama, Minister of MEXT
• on June 11, 2001
• 1. Unification of National Universities
• 2. Incorporation of National Universities
• Inclusion of outside opinions
• Inclusion of private sector expertise
• 3. Competitive Principles
• Evaluation
• Competitive funding, e.g., 21th century COE

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Administration System Before and After
Incorporation
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Decision-making Process Before and After
Incorporation
Consensus based management under control of
MEXT
By the leadership of President with the
financial backing of MEXT
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Selection of President Before and After
Incorporation
Vote by faculty members
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MEXT
Before Incorporation
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After Incorporation
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Medium-term Targets and Plan Before and
After Incorporation

• No definite targets or plan

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Evaluation Before and After
Incorporation

• Voluntary evaluation

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Personnel Management Before and After
Incorporation
Public (government) servants

• Numbers and positions are under control of MEXT

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What Has Been Changed By Incorporation
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Financial System Before and After
Incorporation
MEXT
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Financial Arrangement Before and After
Incorporation

• All expenditures are under control of MEXT
• estimated and decided by MEXT.
• Deficits may be covered by MEXT.
• Surpluses are returned to MEXT.

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Educational and Financial Reform
Reform of Education Reform of Finance

• Reduction of government subsidy.
• Reduction of personnel expenditure.
• Increase of student tuition.
• 520,800 ? 535,800 (2.88 ?) in 2005
• Shift to competitive funding.

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Financial Crisis of University Hospitals

• 42 national university have university hospitals.
• Debt of the hospital is to be paid by University
  ,though almost 70 are supported by the
  Government.
• Increase of income by 2 is charged by the
  government when dept exists.
• Annual payment of debt (principal Interest)
  occupies about 10 of the total income in the
  case of Gifu Univ.
• In FY2006 16 of 42 hospitals had deficit in
  hospital account.
• Scientific productivity of hospital is much
  influenced.

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Competitive Funding 7 Former imperial
universities share 50
Grant -in -aid 21 century COE
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Public Funding for Research
Large difference between US and Japan Large
difference among Japanese universities
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Incorporation under the Process

• MEXT and national universities are still mutually
  dependent, searching appropriate distance
  between MEXT and universities.
• Institutional autonomy is limited.
• University hospitals are under financial crisis.
• Financial pressure suppresses basic education
  budget and basic science.
• Large differences are expanding among
  universities under the existing hierarchy.

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Limited Autonomy

• Limitations include
• Student-associated events
• Creation of a new department
• Change of numbers of students
• Students with national licenses, e.g.
  Medicine, veterinary medicine
• When new financial support is needed
• Creation of a new department
• Creation of new facilities
• Increases in employee salaries and student
  tuition.
• Recruitment of higher administrative staff under
  control of MEXT.

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Ratio of Public Expenditure for Tertiary
Education to GDP
Education at a glance, OECD 2005
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Ratio of Public Expenditure for Tertiary
Education to GDP
Education at a glance, OECD 2005