Psychoanalysis

1
Psychoanalysis

• Backgrounds

2
Themes

• 1. Consciousness and the unconscious
• 2. Medicine and psychoanalysis
• 3. Darwin and Freud
• 3. Clinical practice and psychology

3
Psychoanalysis as different

• Psychoanalysis
• The unconscious
• Instinct/ needs
• Treatment
• Clinical context as source of knowledge

• Mainstream psychology
• Consciousness
• Reason
• Research
• Experiment

Psychoanalysis is different from other
psychological theories Backgrounds
4
The unconscious
5
Consciousness

• Theme experimental psychology
• Man is master over his mind
• Folk psychology
• Where there is a will, there is a way
• Deep conviction
• We are masters of our own head
• Enlightenment and reason
• If reason sleeps..

6
Romanticism

• Back to lecture 2
• Emotion and intuition as sources of insight
• Dark sied of Man
• Dig beyond consciousness
• Drugs
• Dream

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Electricity and life force

• Electricity a new force
• Relation with life
• Galvanis frogs and cows heads
• Link between electricity and magnetism
• There is an all encompassing force running
  through all of nature
• Vitalism

8
The unconscious

• Exorcism
• Romantic forces electricity and magnetism
• Use magnets in medical treatment
• Animal magnetism
• Induce trance with the help of magnets held in
  front of person
• Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
• Founder of Mesmerism

9
Hypnosis

• Animal magnetism hypnosis
• Magnet is superfluous
• When hypnotized the mind seems to have a secret,
  unconscious existence
• Subject has no control over mind or behavior
• Link with mental illness
• Hysteria

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Hysteria

• Hysteria a 19th century ailment
• Loss of control over muscles, speech impairment,
  unconsciousness
• Especially females
• Hypnosis as deviance/ mental disturbance
• Relation with hysteria
• Charcot

11
Pierre Janet

• Hysteria as dissociation
• In trouble part of the mind dissociates from rest
  
• There is a non-conscious part of the mind
• Hypnosis as therapy to recover access to
  dissociated part
• Returns in Freuds early versions of
  psychoanalysis

12
Freud and Breuer

• Early years of 19th century
• Anna O Bertha von Pappenheim
• Suffers from hysteria
• Hypnotic suggestion
• Catharsis
• Healing by making the unconscious conscious
• Note the remnant of the enlightenment

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Why would 2 doctors work with hypnosis?

• Relation medical doctor- mental illness
• Second theme
• Psychoanalysis roots in medicine

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Medicine and psychoanalysis
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Recap medicine

• From practice to science
• From science to profession
• Cell theory
• Clinical practice
• Treatment
• Hospitals
• Successful professionalization
• Monopolizing practice

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Freud was medical doctor

• Medical background
• In 19th century medicine is taken over by science
• Physiology materialist school Helmholtz
• All causes are material
• Experimental method
• Therapeutic nihilism
• Reductionism
• Brain physiology
• Materialism
• Brain secretes thoughts as kidneys urine

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Elements of psychoanalysis

• Biology and instincts/passions
• Freuds brain physiology
• Reductionist program
• Hydraulic system Man
• Energy is pumped around
• Needs drive man
• Pressure and conflict, repression and explosion
• Later translated into the psychic apparatus of
  the mind

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Psychic machinery

• Id Lust/ blind needs
• Ego Reality
• Superego Morality
• Struggle of elements
• Often unconscious
• Necessity of unconscious
• Man does not rule his mind
• Conflicts are normal
• Deviant behavior continuous with normal behavior

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Pathology of everyday life

• How to know the unconsciousness?
• Dreams
• Key to the unconsciousness
• Folklore around dreams explanation of dreams
• Traumdeutung
• Self analysis
• Manifest and latent content of dreams
• 'Dream is the royal road to the unconsciousness
• Also in normal people repression
• There is no coincidence in Freuds universe
• Everything has meaning, including the unintended

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Freuds ink stain
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Psychoanalysis and psychiatry

• Freud medical doctor
• Specializes in Psychiatry
• Mental illness is similar to physical illness
• Kraepelin Systematics
• Mental illness always organic causes
• Genetic degeneration
• Syphilis
• Look for causes in the brain

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Medicine and mental illness

• Mental illness has organic causes
• Many successes but also increasing problems
• Normal science leads to crisis
• Limits of science
• Experiment with alternative methods
• Freud and Breuer experiment with hypnosis
• Other experiments by Freud
• Cocaine
• Hypnosis
• Associative method

23
Darwin and Freud
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Darwin theory of evolution

• Theory of evolution of great influence in 19th
  century
• Darwin overcomes prejudice
• Freud similar role
• Fields of influence
• Sex
• Biogenetic law

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Sex

• Sex and procreation central to Darwin
• Sex has a selection mechanism of its own
• Sexual selection
• Peacock

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Sexology

• In 19th century increasing interest in sex
• Role of drives and needs in motivation
• Lack of control/ problem of control of passions
• The unconsciousness
• Development of sex
• Sexuality in children
• Development of lust
• Lindner
• Biogenetic law

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Recap biogenetic law

• Ernst Heackel
• Embryology
• Ontogenesis Development of the individual
• Phylogenesis Development of species/ group of
  species
• Biogenetic Law
• Ontogenesis repeats phylogenisis

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Biogenetic Law

• Ontogenesis repeats phylogenisis
• The development of the individual is a highly
  accelerated repetition of the development of the
  species
• Individual development is caused by the
  development of the species
• History is cause

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Development of sexuality

• Biogenetic law and sexuality
• Sexual Stages
• Oral-anal-genital
• Child goes through the different stages of
  sexuality
• Smell
• Freud and Fliess around 1900
• Mental problems caused by disturbance of
  development
• Getting stuck in ancient phase

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Oedipus complex and biogenetic law

• Oedipus complex
• At certain point of development male child wants
  to kill father and have sex with his mother
• Where does this come from?
• Ancient crime of sons murdering the authoritarian
  father, then have sex with mother
• Here origins of Taboo on incest
• Child must repeat in genital stage this pre-
  history
• Original crime is repeated in individual
  development
• Disturbance in development can lead to neuroses
• Note inheritance of acquired characteristics!

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Psychoanalysis and applied psychology
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Research practice

• Late 19th century psychological research in
  laboratories
• Wundt
• Career in science
• Contribute to society with research

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Clinical practice

• Psychoanalysis treats patients
• Through hypnosis
• Or free association/ Freier Einfall
• Clinical practice a source of knowledge
• Conflicts with experimental method
• Controls?
• Objectivity?

34
Clinical practice

• Clinical practice for psychology
• Clashes with medicine
• Treatment successfully monopolized by medicine
• Problem for psychology
• How to professionalize in the context of mental
  problems
• However there is a role for psychoanalysis in
  the rise of psychology in practical settings
• Special role for vocabulary
• Illustrated prominently on child psychology

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The child

• Traditionally
• Miniature adults
• In 19th century child slowly becomes separate
  category
• Biogenetic law stimulates stage theories
• 1900 Ellen Key
• The century of the child
• Make education more scientific
• Rationalizing parental care

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Developmental psychology

• Around 1900 Psychologists try to be of use to
  society
• Emulate natural science
• Education for good productive citizens important
• Problems of adulthood originate in childhood
• Freudian vocabulary essential here
• Psychoanalysis claims Problems of adults caused
  by disturbed development in youth
• Necessary to intervene in development Early
  prevention

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Prevention

• Treatment versus prevention
• Medicine Monopoly on treatment
• In case of mental illness psychiatrists dominate
  medicine
• What is left for psychology
• Carving up the territory
• Psychologists concentrate on prevention
• From conviction but also from necessity
• Medicine already had occupied most of the
  territory

38
Child guidance clinics

• In the Netherlands
• MOB's
• Medisch Opvoedkundige Bureaus (Medical
  educational services)
• Counseling on education
• Rise of educational literature
• Benjamin Spock
• Inspired by psychoanalysis
• Liberal educational regime
• Conservatives will criticize this in 70ies of
  last century

39
Psychology in practice

• In 20th century increasing dealings of
  psychologists with social and mental problems
• Two aspects
• Professionalization
• Protoprofessionalization

40
Professionalization

• 20th century psychology becomes a profession
• Strong drive in the field to become a profession
• Profession A group with a specific occupation,
  defined by the expertise of the group
• Typical
• Training program, schooling condition for
  entrance
• Securing quality is done by the profession itself
• Monopoly in a certain social field
• Medical doctors, engineers
• Psychologists?
• Only partially successful as a profession

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Protoprofessionalization

• Psychology ahs been a tremendous success in
  protoproffessionalization
• Psychological vocabulary
• In our culture people have learnt to interpret
  their own behavior in psychological terms
• Phobia, boulimia, IQ, repression, neurosis
• People learn to see their problems in terms of
  psychological concepts
• Psychoanalysis of seminal importance here
• Concepts of psychoanalysis have permeated our
  culture in films, literature, in daily life

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Resumé

• Psychoanalysis is a
• Theory inspired by reductionism
• Hydraulic system
• Developmental theory, with sexuality central
• Pathology of daily life
• Way of treatment
• Theory outside mainstream of psychology

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Psychological theories

• Mostly fixated on knowledge and perception
• Deal with normal functioning
• Psychoanalysis a holistic theory of man
• Pathology and normality are one
• Dark theory, not unlike Darwins theory
• Our positive characteristics nothing but a thin
  veneer
• Das Unbehagen in der Kultur/ Civilization and its
  discontents
• Man is anything but noble
• Psychoanalysis pictures man as we do not like it
• Another reason for its controversial nature