Psychology Applied to Psychological Disorders

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Psychology Applied to Psychological Disorders

• Stec and Bernstein

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Astrid M. Stec

• Clinical Psychology
• History
• Lightner Witmer
• Established a clinic for children with learning
  disabilities and gave advice to teachers and
  parents

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History of Clinical Psychology

• Focuses on behavior and emotional problems
• Now has been expanded to assessment of adults in
  mental hospitals, prisons, and children in child
  guidance clinics
• WWI need to test abilities of recruits
• WWII Scarred vets in need of after war
  treatment (brought clinical psych into treatment)

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Clinical Psychology

• Most popular area of study for students in
  psychology
• 1980s awarded 3,000 doctoral degrees in
  psychology (40 were in clinical psych)

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Clinical Psych Work Settings

• Educational
• Business
• Forensic
• Health

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Clinical Psychology Training Model

• Scientist Practitioner
• Clinical Psychologists Must Know
• Scientific Methods
• Normal Biological Processes
• Psychology as it applies to Psychological
  Disorders
• This training makes clinical psychologists
  different from many other mental health
  professionals

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Psychologist

• You may not use the title of psychologist
  unless you have met the specific criteria
• Protects clients

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What do Clinical Psychologists do?

• Clinical Assessment
• Treatment
• Research

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Clinical Assessment

• Wide variety of information gathered on behavior,
  thoughts, emotions, and abilities
• This information is used to choose the best
  treatment strategies
• Can also be used to make decisions about mental
  health competencies and other legal issues

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3 Forms of Assessment

• Interviews
• Tests
• Observation

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Clinical Interviews

• Most common form of clinical assessment
• Purpose To identify the nature of the problem,
  decide if the client is in the right place,
  clarify terms for future contact, set tone of the
  client-therapist relationship

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2 Kinds of Interviews

• Unstructured
• Structured

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Psychological Tests

• More formal and structured
• Present a person with a particular task or
  questions in order to assess some area of
  functioning
• Reliability
• Validity

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Psychological Testing Cont.

• Psychologists create these tests
• Psychologists administer these tests
• These tests have strict rules that govern their
  use, administration, scoring, and interpretation
• These tests are available only to the
  appropriately trained psychologists

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Intelligence Tests

• Stanford Binet first intelligence test created
• Mental Age / Chronological Age 100 IQ
• Average IQ is 100
• Next intelligence tests created were the WAIS,
  WISC, WPPSI
• These tests test verbal and nonverbal abilities

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Personality Tests

• Personality is a characteristic way of thinking,
  behaving, and feeling
• 2 categories of Personality Tests
• Objective
• Projective

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MMPI -2

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2
• 567 sentences to which you answer T/F
• Clinical Scales
• Validity Scales

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Rorschach

• Inkblot Test
• 10 inkblots
• Presented one at a time to the person
• Person is asked what they see

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TAT

• Thematic Apperception Test
• Drawings of semi-ambiguous scenes
• The person is to tell a story about each of the
  cards
• 31 cards (30 pictures and 1 blank card)
• Usually use approximately 20 cards in an
  administration

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Observation

• Great information obtained
• Naturalistic Observation
• Watch for the observer effect

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Treatment

• A wide range of treatment is provided by Clinical
  Psychologists
• From Schizophrenia to low self esteem

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Four Main Models of Therapy

• Models from which therapy/treatment is
  conceptualized
• This helps the therapist to organize their
  information and interpret
• Psychodynamic
• Behavioral
• Cognitive Behavioral
• Phenomenological Experiential

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Psychodynamic Model

• Assumes that the expression of overt acts and
  feelings provide clues to the deeper inner
  processes
• Psychoanalytic Freud
• Basic goal is insight from the unconscious

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Uses

• Freudian Slips
• Free association
• Analysis of Dreams
• Transference
• Breaking Resistance

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Part of Resistance includes Defense Mechanisms

• Repression push into unconscious
• Denial Dont acknowledge existence
• Projection Its someone else's problem
• Displacement Take it out on someone else
• Reaction Formation Feel the opposite feeling
• Rationalization Explain it away

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Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latent
• Genital
• If too much or not enough gratification is given
  in each step then a person gets stuck (fixated)
  and must work though this conflict

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Therapy Time Required

• Lots of time is required for psychoanalytic
  therapy
• 3-5 sessions
• 2-15 years
• Lots of money

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Other forms of Psychodynamic Therapy

• Individual Psychology (inferiority complex)
• Analytic Psychology (collective unconscious)
• Object Relations (first object shows you a mirror
  of yourself usually mother)
• Feminist Psychotherapy (empowerment and political
  action)

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Behavioral Model

• Focuses on behavioral problems in the present
• Observable

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Uses

• Classical Conditioning
• Pairs
• Pavlovs Dogs
• UCS food
• UCR salivation
• CS bell
• CR - salivation

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Classical Conditioning

• Works the same with phobias
• Little Albert
• Systematic Desensitization helps clients
  associate gradually more intense versions of the
  feared stimulus with relaxation

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Behavioral Model Also Uses

• Operant Conditioning
• Rewards/Reinforcements
• We make connections between our behavior and its
  consequences what brings us positive
  consequences we will repeat and what brings us
  negative consequences we will not do again

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Operant Conditioning

• Token Economies (hospitals)
• Exposure Techniques show a client nothing bad
  will happen when they do the avoided phobic
  behavior (flying)
• Modeling/Observational Learning

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Cognitive Behavioral Model

• Thoughts affect our emotions, our ability to
  relate to others, and our confidence about
  ourselves
• My partner left me so I must be worthless
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy works to replace
  these negative cognitions with more healthy ones

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Phenomenological Experiential Model

• Self Actualization
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Empathetic Understanding
• Genuineness

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Types of Phenomenological Experiential Therapies

• Client Centered Therapy Client has
  responsibility for making change therapist is
  only a facilitator
• Gestalt Therapy Accept the real self and
  abandon the phony self (the one defined by
  others) focuses on self awareness

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All Psychotherapies are Similar in Four Ways

• 1. They seek to give the client hope that they
  will feel less distressed
• 2. Promote self examination
• 3. Encourage voicing emotion
• 4. Encourage therapist to be involved in the
  clients welfare but remain distant enough to be
  objective

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Eclectic Approach

• Many psychologists do not strictly follow one
  model
• Combination approach
• Fit therapy to the client
• Not fit the client to the therapy

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Community Psychology

• Focuses on trying to understand the connection
  between the individuals problem and the social
  structure in which he/she functions

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Community Psychologists

• Work with individuals
• Work with groups in the community
• Establish resources in the community
• Work for prevention
• Train others in the community as resources

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Research

• It is important that psychological work
  assessment/therapy is based on empirical evidence
  not speculation
• This is difficult in applied fields
• Is therapy better than none? Requires denying
  or delaying treatment to some people to answer

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Research Tells Us

• The average person is better off at the end of
  therapy than the majority of those people who
  never received it
• In general all treatments appear to be equally
  successful, although some are better for certain
  disorders
• Therapy very seldom makes people worse

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Research Tells Us Cont.

• Benefits of therapy to at least ½ the treated
  clients are evident after the first 6-8 sessions
• Benefits of therapy are the greatest immediately
  after therapy is over and generally lasts for
  6-18 months or longer