Overview of Different Types of Values

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Overview of DifferentTypes of Values
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What Im Going to Do

• Discuss Different Values
• Ask LOTS of Questions
• Get You to Think of the Answers

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Value

• Social -- the principles, standards, or quality
  which guides human actions
• Economic -- the market or estimated worth of
  commodities

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Social Values

• The quality (positive or negative) that renders
  something desirable or valuable

From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
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Social Values

• The quality (positive or negative) that renders
  something desirable or valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered
  worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds
  them.

From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
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Social Values

• The quality (positive or negative) that renders
  something desirable or valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered
  worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds
  them.
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
  character that society regards as being
  intrinsically good, having desirable results, and
  worthy of emulation by others.

From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
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Social Values

• The quality (positive or negative) that renders
  something desirable or valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered
  worthwhile or desirable by the person who holds
  them.
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
  character that society regards as being
  intrinsically good, having desirable results, and
  worthy of emulation by others.
• Values are our subjective reactions to the world
  around us. They guide and mold our options and
  behavior. Values have three important
  characteristics.
• Developed early in life and are very resistant to
  change.
• Define what is right and what is wrong.
• Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or
  invalid, right or wrong. Values tell what we
  should believe, regardless of any evidence or
  lack thereof.

From http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
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Economic Values

• Does Price Value?
• Assumes perfectly competitive market
• Many buyers and sellers
• Perfect knowledge
• Homogeneous products
• All resources are mobile
• Free entry/exit from market

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Social and Economic Value

• How well does Market Price approximate Economic
  Value?
• Does Social Value equal Economic Value?
• How do we reconcile?
• Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to approximate
  value, what do sociologists use?

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Different Values

• Market and Nonmarket
• Use and Nonuse
• Option, Bequest, Existence
• Economic and Social
• Is economic value a subset of social value?

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Why are Values Important?

• Why do agencies want to know values of ecosystem
  services?
• Allocation of their scarce resources (labor and
  capital) to provide the mix of goods and services
  society values.

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Allocation

• How do you weight different uses?
• Market goods and services relative prices give
  weights
• Weights change
• Nonmarket goods and services
• What weights
• How comparable

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Wallowa-Whitman National Forest
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How much wilderness is enough?

• Society values wilderness characteristics
• First Wilderness Area (best characteristics)
  designated most valuable
• Is the next area as valuable to society?
• How about the next? And the one after that?

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Areas with Wilderness Potential

• Alternative uses
• Wilderness
• Backcountry recreation
• Development
• How do you decide which values are most
  important?
• Marginal valuation

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To Subdivide or Not
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Ranchettes

• Know there is a market value for the small
  acreage parcel
• Know there is a desire to not have land broken up
• Market value of intact area
• Social values
• Values placed on Ecological characteristics

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Ranchettes

• So which set of values dominate?
• Why would the landowner enter into a conservation
  easement?
• Is it only of the easement?
• Is location important? Timing?

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Choices
This or This?
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Questions to Ponder

• Can you add up market and nonmarket values?
• How much wilderness (biodiversity, water quality)
  is enough?
• If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge is
  worth X, is all fishing worth X?
• Does everything have to put in dollar terms?

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Questions to Ponder

• What is the trade-off between a tangible (market)
  good and an intangible (nonmarket) service if
  they are competitive? Antagonistic?

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Questions to Ponder

• How do you compare an economic value expressed in
  with a social value expressed in I want more
  ?
• Which one affects ecological processes more?

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Indicators and Values

• 27. Value of forage harvested from rangeland by
  livestock
• 28. Value of production of non-livestock products
  produced from rangeland
• 54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral
  intentions towards natural resources

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Adding Up

• Discussed many times How do we avoid double,
  triple, quadruple counting?
• Is that important for the Indicator work?
• Do we really need a common metric ()?
• What do private landowners and public land
  managers respond to?
• What values are important?

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Adding Up

• In terms of conceptual model
• Ecosystem Services used
• Some have values, others just social values
• Important issues are whether either value affects
  the ecological or human subsystems and how
• Are market imperfections the cause?

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Values and SRR

• Back to the beginning!
• Indicators meant to be valueless things we
  monitor
• Common data set that each individual will view
  differently depending on their own value set