New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

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• New Encounters The Creation of a World Market

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An Age of Exploration and Expansion

• Islam and the Spice Trade
• Muslim activity
• Malacca
• A New Player Europe
• Nicolò, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271
• Economic motive
• Religious zeal
• Expansion a state enterprise monarchs had the
  authority and resources
• Knowledge and technology by the end of the 15th
  century
• Seaworthy ships
• Knowledge of the wind systems

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Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
• School for navigators, 1419
• Exploring down the west coast of Africa
• Slaves
• Bartolomeu Dias, 1487
• Vasco da Gama, 1498
• Calicut
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque
• Goa, 1510
• Malacca, 1511
• Success of the Portuguese
• Guns and seamanship

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Spanish Conquests in the New World

• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
• Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502
• John Cabot, 1497
• New England
• Pedro Cabral, 1500
• Brazil
• Amerigo Vespucci
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
• Conquest of Mexico, (1519-1522), and Peru,
  (1531-1536)

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Governing the Empire

• Encomienda
• Forced labor
• Diease
• Council of the Indies
• Viceroy
• New Spain and Peru
• Papal agreement

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European Voyages and Possessions in the Sixteenth
and Seventeenth Centuries
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The Impact of European Expansion

• Native Americans ravaged by disease
• Psychological impact
• Conquerors sought gold and silver
• New products sent to Europe
• Deepened rivalries
• Why did Europeans risk their lives?

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New Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean
• Spain in Asia but only consolidated their hold on
  the Philippines
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591
• Surat in northwestern India in 1608
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595
• Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

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France, Britain, and Holland in the Americas

• Portuguese in Brazil in 1549
• Dutch West India Company, 1621
• English seize New Netherlands from the Dutch in
  America in 1664
• Canada became property of the French in 1663 but
  did not adequately man or defend it
• English begin colonizing the Atlantic seaboard of
  North America

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European Possessions in the West Indies
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Africa in Transition

• Portuguese in East Africa
• Gold trade
• Mwene Matapa
• Southern Africa
• Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652
• West Africa
• Mali
• Songhai
• King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528
• Broke up after his death
• Increased European contact with West Africa

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The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans
• Sugar cane and sugar plantations
• Colonization of the Americas
• First boatload of African slaves directly from
  Africa brought by the Spanish in 1518
• 275,000 enslaved African exported to other
  countries
• Between 16th and 19th centuries about 10 million
  Africans shipped to the Americas
• Numbers of slaves exported
• Death rates
• Most slaves prisoners or war captives
• European slavers at first gained slaves from
  local merchants for guns, textiles, copper, or
  iron utensils
• Impact on social and political conditions
• Depopulation in some areas but less true in West
  Africa
• European justification

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Fort Jesus, Mombasa, Kenya
Built by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century
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The Slave Trade
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Political and Social Structures in a Changing
Continent

• Importation of manufactured goods from Europe
  undermined foundations of local cottage industry
• Limited European penetration of Africa
• Altering of trading empires
• European impact on inland areas
• European impact on West Africa
• Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms
• Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of
  profit contributed to conflict among states
• Splintering of the Congo region
• East Africa
• Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

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Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade The
Arrival of the West

• Dutch East India Company
• Batavia, 1619
• Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations
• Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and
  Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment
• Spices did not flourish on the mainland
• Europeans became involved in factional struggles
• By end of the 18th century Europeans began to
  abandon their trading stations

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The Pattern of World Trade
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State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia

• Religion and Kingship
• Islam and Christianity make inroads
• Buddhism in the lowland areas
• Four types of political systems Buddhist kings,
  Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese
  Emperors
• Economy and Society
• Mostly agriculture during the early European
  period
• Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming
• Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods
• Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics
• Higher standard of living than most of Asia
• Social institutions