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Chapter 1 The Study of Life

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Title: Chapter 1 The Study of Life


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  • Chapter 1 The Study of Life
  • Biology The study of life and living organisms
  • Organism Anything capable of carrying on all of
    the processes of life
  • Branches of biology
  • There are many subtopics within biology a few
    examples well hit upon this year

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  • Biochemistry Chemical substances and processes
    in organisms
  • Genetics Inheritance passing of traits from
    one generation to next
  • Evolution Change in organisms over time
  • Cell biology/cytology Cell structure and
    function
  • Zoology Animals
  • Anatomy Structures of organisms
  • Physiology Functions, activities, and processes
    of organisms
  • Ecology Interactions of organisms and
    environment

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  • Characteristics of Life Life is diverse yet all
    organisms share a set of characteristics
  • Living things are organized levels of
    organization vary
  • In general atoms ? molecules ? cells? tissues ?
    organs ? organ systems ? organisms
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life

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  • Multicellular organisms (more than 1 cell) will
    have the above system based on jobs cells perform
    (although some organisms may not have complex
    organs or systems more primitive, ex sponge)
  • Cells in these organisms are considered
    specialized (have certain jobs)
  • Examples include some fungus, plants, and animals

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  • Unicellular organisms (one cell) will be
    organized up to the cellular level
  • 1 cell does all jobs for organism
  • Examples include bacteria, protists, and some
    fungus

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  • Living things acquire materials and energy
  • Metabolism all the chemical reactions in cell
  • Heterotrophs are organisms that obtain nutrients
    from food eaten
  • Ex some bacteria and protists, fungus,
    animals

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  • Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food
    through photosynthesis
  • Take CO2, H2O, and solar energy to make glucose,
    a simple sugar that can be used as a source of
    energy
  • Ex plants, some protists, and some bacteria

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  • Living things reproduce
  • Reproduction production of offspring
  • Prevents extinction of species
  • Uses DNA (hereditary information) which can be
    copied
  • Can be sexual or asexual

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  • Asexual reproduction used by unicellular and
    some multicellular organisms only 1 parent
    offspring has DNA identical to parent
  • Sexual reproduction used by multicellular
    organisms 2 parents, each parent contributes ½
    genetic information to offspring offspring has
    mixed traits from parents

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  • Living things respond to stimuli
  • Stimuli is external
  • May be seen as movement, such as movement away
    from danger, or reactions to other organisms.
  • Behavior observable, coordinated responses to
    environmental stimuli
  • Examples plant growing toward light, hair
    raising on back of cats neck, pupils dilating in
    response to light

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  • 5. Living things are homeostatic
  • Homeostasis maintaining (relatively) constant
    internal conditions (such as body temperature,
    pH, blood pressure, water balance) regardless of
    external changes
  • Examples of homeostatic behavior sweating or
    shivering to maintain body temperature urinary
    system ridding body of wastes

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  • 6. Living things grow and develop
  • Growth an increase in the number of cells/
    increase in the size
  • Occurs through cell division and enlargement
    part of development
  • Example getting taller
  • Development Changes an organism undergoes
    between conception and death
  • Example going through puberty

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  • 7. Living things are adapted
  • Adaptations modifications that make an organism
    suited to its way of life
  • Examples hollow bones of birds for flight,
    gills for fish to breathe in water

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  • Adaptations come about through evolution a
    process through which a species changes over time
  • This is the source of the diversity of life
  • Organisms do not develop adaptations during the
    course of their lives

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  • Zebra mussel case study
  • Anatomy
  • Size 1 inch long
  • Appearance striped shell
  • Physical features
  • 2 shells, soft body inside
  • sticky threads to attach to hard surface

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  • Life span 4-5 years
  • Lifestyle
  • Activity swim when young, attach to hard
    surface as adults
  • Reproduction
  • Age 2 yrs to sexually mature
  • offspring 400 live young per cycle
  • Feeding filter feed algae

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  • How they got here
  • 1980s came in ballast water of commercial ships
    from Europe
  • Went unnoticed as larva
  • Why they are so successful here
  • Gentle current
  • Abundant food
  • Good water temperature
  • Calcium in water for shells

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  • Problems caused in US
  • Rob native fish of food source
  • Clog water intake pipes
  • Expensive to clean up
  • Rot docks
  • Sink buoys
  • Change water chemistry clear water, less
    dissolved O2, more N2 and phosphorous
  • Algae blooms

20
  • Industrial Solutions
  • Physically removing them - scraping
  • Poison
  • UV light
  • Electrical currents
  • Screens
  • Build new pipes below sand

21
  • Disadvantages
  • Cost
  • Effect on ecosystem
  • Solutions dont necessarily prevent future
    population growth

22
  • Biological Solutions
  • Introduce predator goby fish eats entire animal
  • Interfere with feeding prevent opening of shell
  • Interfere with reproduction spawn when algae
    supply low, or release eggs and sperm at
    different intervals

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  • Disadvantages
  • May affect other organisms
  • May affect water chemistry
  • Population spread over such a wide range hard
    to impact growth

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  • Classification
  •  
  • Taxonomy The study of identifying and
    classifying organisms according to specific
    criteria
  •  
  • Taxa the categories into which organisms are
    classified
  •   
  •  

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Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division for
plants) Class Order Family
Genus  Species Did King Phillip Come
Over For Good Spaghetti????
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  • Domain Archaea
  • Unicellular prokaryotes
  • May have been first cells
  • Live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or
    are too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most
    other organisms like primitive Earth(?)

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  • Domain Bacteria
  • Unicellular prokaryotes
  • Found almost anywhere in soil, water,
    atmosphere, on and inside living organisms

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  • Domain Eukarya
  • Cells contain membrane-bound nucleus
  • Four Kingdoms within
  • Protists (Protista)
  • Fungus (Fungi)
  • Plants (Plantae)
  • Animals (Animalia)

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  •  Modern system of classification
  • Grouped according to their presumed evolutionary
    relationship
  • Those placed in the same genus will be most
    closely related, those in different domains most
    distantly related
  • Ex Those in genus Felis are more closely
    related to each other than organisms in the
    domains Eukarya and Archaea are to each other.
  •  

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  • Writing scientific names
  • Ex Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
  • Can be abbreviated H. sapiens
  • If typed should be italicized.
  • If handwritten should be underlined.
  • First word is genus capitalized
  • Second word is specific epithet of species within
    a genus lower case
  •  
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