c' 2%

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c. 2
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Age of moose killed by wolves
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Bottom-up or Top-down control of
community structure? numbers of wolves, number
of moose, growth rates of balsam fir BF c. 59
of winter forage
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Exploitation Parasitism
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Tapeworm life history
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Hydatid cyst
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Winter tick an ectoparasite
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Life cycle of Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus
Acanthocephala Spiny-headed worms
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Starling predation on Armadillidium vulgare
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Exploitation of vascular plant by a fungus
Arabis hoelbollii Rockcress, a host Montane and
subalpine zones talus slopes, gravelly
stream-banks Invade, modify host to
enhance Population growth of the fungus
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Puccinia monoica a fungus a rust
pathogenic Reproductive strategy disseminate
spores
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Dispersal of spores
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• 2. Herbivory consumption of primary producers
• Caddisfly (Helicopsyche borealis) algae sps.

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Experimental setup
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Influence of elevating tiles on colonization
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Excluding Helicopsyche borealis