Bees for Development Honey Trade Workshop DUBLIN 2005

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Bees for DevelopmentHoney Trade WorkshopDUBLIN
2005

• Presentation by Dr Nicola Breadbear

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Bees for DevelopmentHoney Trade Workshop

• Organised in cooperation with APIMONDIA
• The International Federation of Beekeepers
  Associations

• Sponsored by
• DFID (UK Department for International
  Development) BLCF (Business Link Challenge Fund)
• as part of Bees for Developments
• African Honey Trade Project

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In cooperation with
Bees for DevelopmentHoney Trade Workshop

• APIMONDIA
• Standing Commission Beekeeping for Rural
  Development
• PRESIDENT NICOLA BRADBEAR
• Standing Commission for Technology Equipment
• PRESIDENT GILLES RATIA

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Rationale for this Workshop
Bees for DevelopmentHoney Trade Workshop

• European countries are permitted to import honey
  from outside the EU, only if the exporting
  country is on the EUs list of so-called third
  countries

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Bees for DevelopmentHoney Trade Workshop

• Purpose of this Workshop
• To enable more countries to join the EUs
  list of third countries eligible to export to
  the EU
• Background to this Workshop

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Bees for Development Journal 63, 2002

• The antibiotic chloramphenicol was found in honey
  being imported into the EU
• Ban on Chinese honey

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Bees for Development Journal 72, 2004

• Streptomycin
• An antibiotic found to occur naturally in Zambian
  honey

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Bees for Developments African Honey ProjectTo
enable countries to join the EUs list of third
countries entitled to export to the EU

• Constraints for beekeepers in developing
  countries
• Considering honey export
• Criteria and legislation
• Look again at local bees, local methods

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Resources needed to create a livelihood based on
bees

• Apiculture - in the context of rural development
• An opportunity for rural people to harvest honey
  - a commodity with international value
• A way to create income while at the same time
  sustaining biodiversity

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Natural resources for apiculture are affected by
biological constraints

• Honeybee diseases and parasites
• Introduced species and races of honeybees
• Loss of indigenous species
• Loss of habitat diversity
• Pesticides

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Human resources are affected by Technical
constraints

• Lack of knowledge of appropriate methods
• Lack of awareness of new research findings
• Lack of appropriately skilled trainers
• Lack of appropriate technical advice and
  materials

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• Technical constraints in controlling
• Honeybee diseases, especially
• American foulbrood
• European foulbrood
• Honeybee parasites, especially
• Varroa destructor
• Chemicals used to control these problems leave
  residues in bee products
• The honey market wants residue-free honey
• Today, the first test on honey is to look for any
  residues

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Physical resources needed for apiculture

• Access to containers, roads and transport are
  important for rural beekeepers

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Physical and financial constraints

• For these Ethiopian beekeepers, bees are their
  main livestock and source of income. They lack
  access to
• suitable containers
• roads
• transport

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Financial resources

• Marketing initiatives need access to credit for
  honey purchase, packaging and marketing

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Social resources

• Beekeepers gain much from self-help organisations
• They need well informed support

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Social resources

• Institutional support policy and legislation
• Products must meet international standards

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Social resources Financial and institutional
constraints

• Resources (personnel, laboratories) to support
  the industry
• analyse products,
• certify for export,
• identify bees, diseases and parasites
• Policies to protect the industry, legislation and
  enforcement
• Products must meet local, regional, or
  international standards

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Constraints to livelihoods based on bees

• Biological
• Technical
• Physical
• Financial
• Institutional

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Considering honey export

• Reasons against export
• It is much easier to sell honey locally
• The market chain is shorter
• Profit for the producer may be higher
• For example, in Vietnam
• Local honey price US 2.2/kg
• Export honey price US 1.75/kg

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Considering honey export

• Reasons for export
• If the local honey market is saturated
• If your product will command a high price in
  another market, i.e. a niche product
• Example honey harvested by the beekeepers of
  North West Province, Zambia

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Considering honey export

• Requirements for export
• Honey in sufficient quantity
• Constant future supplies
• Contacts with buyers
• Certification and traceability
• Honey of quality to meet the buyers criteria

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Honey criteria and legislation
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Honey criteria and legislation

• Codex alimentarius
• Food labelling texts, certification
  www.codexalimentarius.net
• European Community
• Honey Directive 2001/110/EC
• Both give definition and composition of honey

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Criteria and legislation
Honey is the natural sweet substance, produced
by honeybees from the nectar of plants or from
secretions of living parts of plants, or
excretions of plant-sucking insects on the living
parts of plants, which the bees collect,
transform by combining with specific substances
of their own, deposit, dehydrate, store and leave
in honeycombs to ripen and mature.
Definition of honey according to Codex
Alimentarius
Definition of honey according to the EC
Honey is the natural sweet substance, produced by
Apis mellifera bees from the nectar of plants or
from secretions of living parts of plants, or
excretions of plant-sucking insects on the living
parts of plants, which the bees collect,
transform by combining with specific substances
of their own, deposit, dehydrate, store and leave
in honeycombs to ripen and mature.
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(No Transcript)
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Criteria and legislation

• This is not honey according to European law!

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Criteria and legislation

• Countries from which Europe allows import
• Decision 94/278/EC
• 2001/700/EC
• 2001/158/EC
• 2002/337/EC
• 2004/621/EC

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2002/337/EC COMMISSION DECISION of 25 April 2002
amending Decision 94/278/EC as regards imports of
honey Third countries from which EC Member
States allow imports of honey

• (AU) Australia
• (AR) Argentina
• (BG) Bulgaria
• (BR) Brazil
• (CA) Canada
• (CL) Chile
• (CU) Cuba
• (CY) Cyprus
• (CZ) Czech Republic
• (EE) Estonia
• (GT) Guatemala
• (HR) Croatia
• (HU) Hungary
• (IL) Israel
• (IN) India
• (LT) Lithuania
• (MT) Malta

• (MX) Mexico
• (MD) Moldova
• (NI) Nicaragua
• (NZ) New Zealand
• (NO) Norway
• (PL) Poland
• (RO) Romania
• (SI) Slovenia
• (SK) Slovakia
• (SM) San Marino
• (SV) El Salvador
• (TR) Turkey
• (TZ) Tanzania
• (US) United States
• (UY) Uruguay
• (VN) Vietnam
• (ZM) Zambia

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Criteria and legislation

• Being listed as a third country means that the
  country has met EC animal health and public
  health requirements governing trade and export

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Honey criteria and legislation

• Concerning honey 2001/110/EC, 2001/158/EC,
  2002/337/EC
• Concerning rules about food, Regulation EEC
  2377/90, 1530/2002, 2004/621/EC, 853/2004

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Honey criteria and legislation

• Concerning veterinary drug residues in food,
  Regulation EEC 2377/90 has four Annexes
• Annex 1
• Pharmacologically active substances for which a
  Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) can be set

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Food criteria and legislation
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Concerning veterinary drug residues in food,
Regulation EEC 2377/90Annex 2Substances for
which no Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) is needed
Honey criteria and legislation

• Menthol
• Thymol
• Fluvalinate
• Phenol

• Lactic acid
• Formic acid
• Eucalyptus
• Camphor

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Concerning veterinary drug residues in food,
Regulation EEC 2377/90Annex 3Substances for
which no definite Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) can
be set, but are being given a provisional MRL for
a defined period, for example
Honey criteria and legislation

• For example, Altrenogest, permitted in pigs and
  horses at 3µg/kg until 1.1.2005
• Therefore, if a pharmacologically active
  substance is not listed in Annex 1, 2 or 3, it is
  not allowed to be used as a veterinary drug in
  beekeeping

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Concerning veterinary drug residues in food,
Regulation EEC 2377/90Annex 4Substances for
which no Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) can be set
because of risk to human health, for example
Honey criteria and legislation

• Chloramphenicol
• Chloroform
• Chlorpromazine
• Colchicines
• Dapson
• Dimetridazol
• Metronidazol
• Nitrofuran

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Look again at local bees, local methods

• Beekeeping is easier with disease-free bees
• Local methods retain disease-free bees

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Look again at local bees, local methods

• Frame hives give technical advantages
• Frame hives have enabled rapid spread of bee
  diseases

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An apicultural success story - from North
West Zambia

• Organic certified
• Fair trade certified
• Meeting all EU requirements

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Conclusion

• Beekeepers face a variety of constraints
  technical, physical, financial and social
• Honey export is not easy, and not always feasible
• Honey must not contain chemical residues
• Local bees kept by local methods often retain
  disease-free honeybee populations

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Contact
Dr Nicola Bradbear Bees for Development Troy,
Monmouth, NP25 4AB, UK nicolabradbear_at_beesfordevel
opment.org www.beesfordevelopment.org www.apimondi
a.org