Blank Jeopardy

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Mammalian Excretory System 2
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Excretion
Nitrogenous Wastes Excreted Depends on Habitat
Circulatory Adaptations
Osmoregulartor osmoconformer
Osmoregulatory problems
Mammalian Excretory System 3
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Thermoregulation
Behavior Responses
Transport Epithelia in osmoregulation
Mammalian Excretory System 4
Loop of Henle
Endotherms Ectotherms
Cooling Down
Malpighian tubule
Mammalian Excretory System 5
Hormonal Regulation
Warm blooded Vs Cold blooded
Marine Animals
Mammalian Excretory System 1
Mammalian Excretory System 6
Adaptation in Non-mammalian Kidneys
Maintaining Constant Body Temps
Hypothalamus
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An osmoregulator is an animal whose body fluids
have a different osmolarity than the environment
and that must either discharge excess water if it
lives in a hypo-osmotic environment or take in
water if it inhibits a hyperosmotic environment.
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An osmoconformer is an animal that does not
actively adjust its internal osmolarity because
it is isoosmotic with this environment
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Marine organisms face problems in maintaining
homeostasis because their total osmolarity is the
same as that of sea water. Therefore, the ocean
is strongly dehydrating because it is much
saltier than their internal fluids. Bony fish are
hypoosmotic to seawater and lose water by osmosis
and gain salt by diffusion. On the other hand,
marine sharks do not experience a large,
continuous osmotic water loss.
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Freshwater animals are opposite of marine.
Freshwater animals constantly gain water by
osmosis and lose salts by diffusion because the
osmolarity of their internal fluids is much
higher than that of their surroundings. They
maintain water balance by excreting large amounts
of dilute urine, then replenishing by foods and
uptake across the gills.
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Terrestrial organisms face the osmoregulatory
problem of desiccation. A waxy cuticle on plants
and the body help prevent dehydration, but they
still lose water in their gas organs, urine and
feces, and across the skin.
Land animals restore water by drinking water and
eating moist foods.
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The role of transport epithelia in
ormoregulationlayers of epithelial cells
regulate solute movements and are essential
components of osmotic regulation and metabolic
waste disposalmove specific solutes in specific
directions (forms barrier)solutes entering and
leaving must pass through a semi-permeable
membrane
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The malpighian tubule contributed to the success
of insects in the terrestrial environment because
they remove nitrogenous wastes and function in
osmoregulation. They open into the digestive
tract and are immersed in circulatory fluid.
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Renal artery- the blood vessel bringing blood to
the kidney2. Renal vein- the blood vessel
draining the kidney
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3. Urether- a duct leading from the kidney to the
urinary bladder 4. Urinary bladder- pouch where
urine is stored prior to urination5. Urethra-
tube that releases urine from the body near the
vagina in females through the penis in males
also serves in males as the exit tube for the
reproductive system
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6. Renal cortex- outer portion of vertebrate
kidney 7. Renal medulla- inner portion of
vertabrate kidney, beneath renal kidney
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8. Nephron- tubular excretory unit of vertabrate
kidney9. Glomerulus- ball of capillaries
surrounded by Bowmans capsule in the nephron and
serving as the site of filtration in the
vertebrate kidney
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10. Bowmans capsule- cup shaped receptacle in
the vertebrate kidney that is the initial,
expanded segment of the nephron where filtrate
enters from the blood11. Proximal tubule-
portion of a nephron downstream from Bowmans
capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate
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12. Loop of Henle- long, hairpin turn, with a
descending and ascending limb, of the renal
tubule in the vertebrate kidney functions in
water and salt absorption13. Distal tubule-
portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate
and empties it into a collecting duct
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14. Collecting duct- location in kidney where
filtrate from renal tubules is collected
filtrate now called urine15. Renal pelvis-
funnel shapped chamber that receives processed
filtrate from the kidneys collecting ducts and
is drained by the ureter
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16. Cortical nephrons- located at almost entirely
in the renal cortex17. Juxtamedullary nephrons-
well developed loops of henle that extend deeply
into the renal medulla
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18. Afferent arteriole- blood vessel supplying a
nephron19. Efferent nephron- blood vessel
draining a nephron
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20. Peritubular capillaries- network of tiny
blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and
distal tubules in the kidney21. Vasa recta-
capillary system that serves the loop of henle
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the human nephron
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Filtration fluid travels through a selectively
permeable membrane retaining cells and proteins
pressure forces water and solutes (filtrate) into
the excretory system.
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Selective Reabsorption the transport epithelium
reclaims valuable substances from the filtrate
and returns them to the body fluids
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Secretion substances such as toxins and excess
ions are taken from body fluids and added to the
contents in the excretory tubule
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?only found on birds and mammals ?they are well
developed loops that go deep into the renal
medulla?all other vertebrates lack the loops of
Henle ?let birds and mammals make urine that is
hyperosmotic to other body fluids (necessary for
water conservation)?lets mammals get rid of
salts and nitrogenous wastes without losing
much water
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?conserves water by use of the kidney?goes into
a gradient of higher osmolarity in the medulla
(water lost by osmosis)?osmolarity of the
filtrate increases and salt diffuses out in the
ascending limb (not permeable to water)- energy
must be lost to pump the salt out90-99 of
water is diffused out and returns to capillaries
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water
balance produced in the hypothalamus and
released from the posterior pituitary helps in
retaining water by the kidney by a complicated
feedback method that aids in regulating the
osmolarity of the blood
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juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) releases rennin
(enzyme) when blood pressure or blood volume
drops in the afferent arteriole (this gives blood
to the glomerulus)
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rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
part of feedback circuit that aids in regulating
blood pressure and blood volume
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atrial natriuretic factor opposes RAAS by
lowering blood pressure and volumeADH, RAAS,
and ADF make up and elaborate system of checks
and balances that regulate the kidneys ability
to control the osmolarity, salt concentration,
and the volume and pressure of blood
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Vertebrates live in all ranges of habitats, hot,
cold, salty, and rainy variations in nephron
structure and function allow the kidneys of
different vertebrates for osmoregulation in their
different habitats.
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The adaptations of the vertebrate kidney are
revealed by comparing species that inhabit a wide
range of environments or by comparing the
responses of different vertebrate groups to
similar environmental conditions. 
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?desert animals excrete the most hyperosmotic
urine?mammals excrete less concentrated
urine?birds can produce hyperosmotic urine
(main conservation of water in birds is the
removal of nitrogen as uric acid which is
excreted as paste)?other terrestrial reptiles
excrete uric acid?freshwater fish and
amphibians produce large amounts of very dilute
urine (kidneys of marine bony fish have low
filtration rates and excrete very little urine)
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Thermoregulation is the process by which animals
maintain an internal temperature within a
tolerable range
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ectotherms gain most of their heat from the
environment. An ectotherm has such a low
metabolic rate that the amount of heat it
generates is too small to have much effect on
body temperature.-in general, ectotherms
tolerate greater variation in internal
temperature than endotherms-Most invertebrates,
fishes, amphibians, lizards, snakes, and turtles
are ectotherms
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ENDOTHERMS can use metabolic heat to regulate
their body temperature. In a cold environment, an
endotherm's high metabolic rate generates enough
heat to keep its body substantially warmer than
its surroundings. Many endotherms, including
humans, maintain high and very stable internal
temperatures even as the temperature of their
surroundings fluctuates-Mammals, birds and a few
other reptiles, some fishes, and numerous insect
species are endotherms
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• MISLEADING
• -Misconception ectotherms are coldblooded and
  endotherms are warmblooded.
• Ectotherms do not necessarily have low body
  temperatures.
• In fact, when sitting in the sun, many
  ectothermic lizards have higher body temperatures
  than mammals.
• It is also important to note that ectotherm and
  endotherm are not mutually exclusive
  thermoregulatory strategies.
• ex a bird is an endotherm, but it may
  warm
• itself in the sun on a cold morning,
  much as
• an ectothermic lizard does.

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heating up-In mammals, the insulating material
is associated with the integumentary system, the
outer covering of the body, consisting of the
skin, hair, and nails (claws or hooves in some
species). -Skin is a key organ of the
integumentary system. In addition to functioning
as a thermoregulatory organ by housing nerves,
sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles,
the skin protects internal body parts from
mechanical injury, infection, and drying out. The
skin consists of two layers, the epidermis and
the dermis, underlain by a tissue layer called
the hypodermis
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-The insulating power of a layer of fur or
feathers mainly depends on how much still air the
layer traps. (Hair loses most of its insulating
power when wet.) -Most land mammals and birds
react to cold by raising their fur or feathers,
thereby trapping a thicker layer of air.
-Humans rely more on a layer of fat just
beneath the skin as insulation. Goose bumps are a
vestige of hair raising inherited from our furry
ancestors
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-Elevated blood flow in the skin normally results
from vasodilation, an increase in the diameter of
superficial blood vessels (those near the body
surface) triggered by nerve signals that relax
the muscles of the vessel walls. -In
endotherms, vasodilation usually warms the skin,
increasing the transfer of body heat to a cool
environment by radiation, conduction, and
convection -The reverse process is
vasoconstriction
Circulatory Adaptations
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Behavioral Responses-Both endotherms and
ectotherms use behavioral responses to control
body temperature. Many ectotherms can maintain a
very constant body temperature through relatively
simple behaviors. More extreme behavioral
adaptations in some animals include hibernation
or migration to a more suitable climate.
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- they increase heat production and huddle
together, thereby retaining heat.-Many
terrestrial invertebrates can adjust internal
temperature by the same behavioral mechanisms
used by vertebrate ectotherms.. Other terrestrial
invertebrates have certain postures that enable
them to maximize or minimize their absorption of
heat from the sun
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cooling down -If environmental temperature is
above body temperature, animals gain heat from
the environment as well as from metabolism, and
evaporation is the only way to keep body
temperature from rising rapidly.-bathing cools
down body-Panting is important in birds and
many mammals-Other mechanisms that promote
evaporative cooling include spreading saliva on
body surfaces.
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Marine animals thermoregulatory
adaptations-Marine mammals, such as whales and
seals, have a very thick layer of insulating fat
called blubber just under their skin.- Marine
mammals swim in water colder than their body core
temperature, and many species spend at least part
of the year in nearly freezing polar seas
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Hypothalamus -Nerve cells that control
thermoregulation, as well as those that control
many other aspects of homeostasis, are
concentrated in a region of the brain called the
hypothalamus -The hypothalamus contains a group
of nerve cells that functions as a thermostat,
responding to changes in body temperature above
or below a set point (actually above or below a
normal range) by activating mechanisms that
promote heat loss or gain.-Nerve cells that
sense temperature are in the skin, in the
hypothalamus itself, and in several other body
regions. -Warm receptors signal the
hypothalamic thermostat when temperatures
increase cold receptors signal temperature
decrease.
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-At body temperatures below the normal range, the
thermostat inhibits heat loss mechanisms and
activates heatsaving ones such as
vasoconstriction of superficial vessels and
erection of fur, while stimulating
heatgenerating mechanisms (shivering and
nonshivering thermogenesis). -In response to
elevated body temperature, the thermostat shuts
down heat retention mechanisms and promotes body
cooling by vasodilation, sweating, or panting