The antifreeze gene is cut out of its DNA using an enzyme.

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1. The antifreeze gene is cut out of its DNA using
   an enzyme.

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1. The gene is pasted into the DNA from another
   organism using another enzyme.
2. The DNA is then inserted into a vector e.g. a
   virus or a bacterium.

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1. The vector is copied many times.
2. And mixed with cells of the organism that you
   want to have the gene.
3. This produces a transgenic organism.

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1. The organism is placed in conditions that it
   needs for growth.
2. The adult will use the new gene to make a protein
   that gives it a new feature.
3. Adults that have the new feature are cloned.

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Millions of tonnes of bananas are wasted every
year because their cells produce an enzyme that
ripens the fruit, turning it brown and squashy. A
gene has been discovered in a common soil
bacterium that produces a protein that blocks the
ripening gene.
If the blocking gene can be inserted into banana
cells, the fruit would ripen more slowly with
less waste and refrigeration energy costs to
producers and a better product for consumers.