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Classical Era

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Diskobolos (Discus-thrower) Only known through Roman copy. Bronze ... Diskobolos (Discus-thrower) Frozen action. Right arm has not dropped in swing yet. 2 arcs ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Classical Era


1
Classical Era
  • Athens is most powerful polis after Persian Wars
  • Athens was sacked in 480 BCE
  • Persians defeated at Salamis
  • Greeks adopt a sense of unity against the
    barbarians
  • Anyone not Greek
  • barbarian bar, bar, bar

2
Classical Era
  • Greek culture becomes unique
  • Lays the foundation for Western Civilization
  • Ethos vs. Pathos
  • Ethos
  • Greek
  • Archaic smile
  • Ability to withstand anything (intellect)
  • Pathos
  • Persian barbarians
  • Passion

3
Early High Classical
  • (480-400 BCE)

4
Statuary
  • Changes to the Kore/Kouros
  • More realism
  • Less ideal
  • Bald, fat, etc.
  • Less rigid
  • Weight shift (contrapposto)
  • Drapery/clothing
  • Sense of motion, life

5
Statuary
  • Other
  • Marble and bronze
  • Statues in architecture
  • Ethos vs. Pathos
  • The Archaic smile becomes replaced by emotion
  • Self-absorbed expressions

6
Kritios Boy
  • Kritios?
  • Acropolis
  • Athens, Greece
  • Circa 480 BCE
  • Marble
  • 2 10 tall

7
Kritios Boy
8
Kritios Boy
  • Thought to be carved by Kritios
  • Contrapposto
  • counterbalance
  • When one part of the body is shifted to balance
    and support weight
  • Tension relaxation
  • Separates Classical from Archaic

9
Kritios Boy
  • How a human stands
  • Shift of weight
  • Less rigid
  • Spine hips
  • Everything works together
  • Right hip drops
  • Weight shifted to left
  • Right leg bent
  • Head turned
  • No longer frontal

10
Warrior
  • Sea near Riace, Italy
  • Circa 450 BCE
  • Bronze
  • 6 6 high

11
Warrior
12
Warrior
  • Bronze
  • Lost wax process
  • Clay model
  • Clay mold
  • Wax inside mold
  • Fix details
  • 2nd clay mold
  • Liquid clay inside
  • Fire It!
  • (wax melts, clay hardens)
  • Pour molten bronze in

13
Warrior
  • Sunken ship
  • En route to Italy
  • Several years to restore
  • Details
  • Spear, shield
  • Inlaid eyes
  • Silver teeth lashes
  • Copper lips nipples

14
Warrior
  • Stylistic conventions
  • Head
  • Hips (weight)
  • Shoulders
  • Not frontal
  • Not rigid
  • Arms extend from body

15
Diskobolos (Discus-thrower)
  • Myron
  • Circa 450 BCE
  • Roman marble copy
  • 5 1 tall

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17
Diskobolos (Discus-thrower)
  • Only known through Roman copy
  • Bronze vs. marble
  • Cost
  • Weight
  • Changes
  • Supports
  • Other changes

18
Diskobolos (Discus-thrower)
  • Frozen action
  • Right arm has not dropped in swing yet
  • 2 arcs
  • Like a bow
  • Tension
  • Not in face
  • Does not look at audience
  • Self-absorbed

19
Doryphoros (Spear-bearer),
  • Polykleitos
  • Circa 440 BCE
  • Roman marble copy
  • 5 1 tall

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21
Doryphoros (Spear-bearer)
  • Polykleitos
  • Great sculptor
  • Ideal male nude
  • Canon
  • Athlete or warrior
  • Written treatise
  • Contrapposto
  • Hips
  • Sense of movement

22
Doryphoros (Spear-bearer)
  • Opposite tensions
  • Arms legs
  • Mathematical proportions

23
Parthenon (Temple of Athena)
  • Iktinos and Kallikrates
  • Acropolis, Athens
  • Circa 447-438 BCE

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25
Acropolis
  • Greek, high city.
  • Usually the site of the citys most important
    temple(s)
  • Rebuilt after Persian invasion
  • Used the tributes of the Delian League
  • Built by great Athenian leader Pericles
  • Multiple buildings
  • Parthenon
  • Erechtheion
  • Temple of Nike

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31
Acropolis
  • More human creative genius concentrated on the
    Periclean Acropolis than in any other place or
    time in the history of Western civilization.
  • - Gardners, p. 127

32
Parthenon (Temple of Athena)
  • Temple to Athena Parthenos
  • Athena the virgin
  • Goddess of Heroes
  • Lucky to be standing
  • Catholic church
  • Islamic mosque
  • Blown up in rocket attack
  • Statues broken while trying to be removed
  • Air pollution

33
Parthenon (Temple of Athena)
  • Ideal Greek temple
  • Proportions
  • 94
  • (Almost 12)
  • 17 columns long
  • 8 columns wide
  • Cellas measurements
  • Column to column
  • Doric
  • Also Ionic
  • Common on Acropolis

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Peristyle
  • In ancient Greek architecture, a colonnade all
    around the cella and its porch(es).
  • A peripteral colonnade consists of a single row
    of columns on all sides

36
Portico
  • A roofed colonnade
  • also an entrance porch

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38
Entablature
  • The part of a building above the columns and
    below the roof.
  • The entablature of a classical temple has three
    parts
  • Architrave
  • Frieze
  • Pediment

39
Erechtheion
  • Acropolis, Athens
  • Circa 421-405 BCE

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42
Erechtheion
  • Multiple shrine
  • Contest between Poseidon and Athena
  • Poseidons trident mark
  • Athenas olive tree
  • Asymmetrical
  • Had to include a lot
  • Uneven terrain
  • Ionic columns

43
Ionic columns
  • Capital
  • Also more
  • slender

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46
Caryatid
  • A female figure that functions as a supporting
    column
  • 7 7tall
  • Combination of Archaic and Classical
  • Kore
  • Weight shift

47
Temple of Athena Nike
  • KALLIKRATES
  • Acropolis
  • Athens, Greece
  • Circa 427-424 BCE

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49
Temple of Athena Nike
50
Temple of Athena Nike
  • Amphiprostyle
  • The style of Greek building in which the
    colonnade was placed across both the front and
    back, but not along the sides

51
Temple of Athena Nike
  • Ionic
  • Kalikrates
  • Parthenon
  • Ionic columns there?
  • Political statement against the Persians
  • Battle of Marathon

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55
Sculptures
  • East pediment
  • Birth of Athena
  • West pediment
  • Contest between Athena and Poseidon
  • North Frieze
  • Sack of Troy
  • South Frieze
  • Battle with the Centaurs

56
Helios, his horses, and Dionysus
  • East pediment of the Parthenon
  • Circa. 438-432 BCE
  • 4 3 tall

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58
Helios, his horses, and Dionysus
  • Whole pediment depicts birth of Athena
  • Helios (the Sun) and horses rise up
  • Horses are alive awake
  • Bottom of pediment acts as ground line
  • Dionysus reclines
  • Artist understood how the human body works
  • Creative use of space

59
Three goddesses
  • East pediment of the Parthenon
  • Circa 438-432 BCE
  • 4 5 tall

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61
Three goddesses
  • Hestia, Dione, Aphrodite
  • Also a creative use of space
  • Mastery of depicting drapery in stone
  • Once painted
  • Shows and hides body
  • Textures
  • Creates unity to group

62
Inner frieze
  • Two actual friezes
  • Panathenaic procession
  • Every 4 years
  • Athenians themselves
  • Begins in agora (an open square for
    meetings/business)
  • Winds its way up the Acropolis
  • Begins at rear (west) end of Parthenon
  • Goes down both long sides (parallel)
  • Ends in middle of east end over doorway to cella
  • Upper part is in higher relief
  • Made it easier to see, especially in the shade

63
Horsemen
  • West inner frieze of the Parthenon
  • Circa 447-438 BCE
  • 3 6 tall

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65
Horsemen
  • West end
  • Procession begins
  • Young men mount horses at the beginning
  • Motion
  • Energy
  • Balance of rearing horses

66
Seated gods and goddesses
  • East inner frieze of the Parthenon
  • Circa 447-438 BCE
  • 3 6 tall

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68
Seated gods and goddesses
  • East end
  • Gods are guests
  • Do not participate, but watch instead
  • Motion and energy almost come to an end
  • Drapery
  • Ethos
  • Figures interact

69
Late Classical
  • 400 323 BCE

70
Late Classical
  • Peloponnesian War (431 404)
  • Sparta vs. Athens
  • Athens loses (plague)
  • Attack by Philip of Macedonia
  • Greeks band together again
  • Philip wins in 338
  • Philip assassinated in 336
  • Son, Alexander the Great, takes over
  • Alexander dies 323

71
Late Classical
  • Alexander the Great
  • Dominates Greece, Persia, Egypt, and parts of
    India
  • Whats this all mean?
  • Political and cultural change and chaos
  • Rational humans no longer control their world
  • Loss of focus on community
  • Focus is now on the individual
  • Artists also create individual styles
  • Calm orderly life fades away
  • Emotion appears

72
Hermes and the infant Dionysos
  • Praxiteles
  • Olympia, Greece
  • Circa 340 BCE
  • Marble copy
  • 7 1 tall

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Hermes and the infant Dionysus
  • Gods become less solemn and more sensuous
  • Nude female goddesses
  • Roman copy
  • Hermes carries Dionysos through forest
  • Rests against a tree
  • Tree is in the original
  • Held a bunch of grapes

75
Hermes and the infant Dionysus
  • Anecdotal moment
  • Adult and child
  • Not seen before
  • Focus in on the moment AND the individual
    (Hermes)
  • S-curve
  • Common of Praxiteles
  • Soft features texture

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Apoxyomenos (Scraper)
  • Lysippos
  • Rome, Italy
  • Circa 330 BCE
  • Marble copy
  • 6 9 tall

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79
Apoxyomenos (Scraper)
  • Lysippos
  • Great artist
  • Chosen by Alexander the Great to create his
    official portrait
  • Political artist
  • Athlete scrapes oil from his body after
    exercising

80
Apoxyomenos (Scraper)
  • Roman copy
  • Slender proportions
  • Polykleitoss Doryphoros
  • New energy
  • Not the calm ethos
  • Not emotional pathos
  • Nervous energy
  • Moving as he scraped oil

81
Apoxyomenos (Scraper)
  • Meant to be viewed form multiple sides
  • Not seen from the front
  • Right arm comes forward
  • Only understood when seen from different angles

82
Hellenistic
  • 323-31 BCE

83
Hellenistic
  • Starts with the death of Alexander the Great
  • Ends with the Roman Empire under Augustus
  • End of the classical Greek culture
  • Culture becomes cosmopolitan
  • Things become exaggerated
  • Early High Late Hellenistic

84
Hellenistic
  • Emotional intensity (Pathos)
  • Almost theatrical
  • Figures put in a setting (on a stage)
  • Increased sensuality
  • Nude females for the first time
  • New forms of subjects
  • Children, lower classes, barbarians, old people

85
Dying Gaul
  • Epigonos
  • Pergamon, Turkey
  • Roman marble copy
  • Circa 230-220 BCE
  • 3 ½ tall

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Dying Gaul
  • Pathos
  • Facial expression
  • Suffering
  • Body language
  • Also a tribute to the Greek that killed him
  • Strong and brave foe
  • Creates a scene
  • Theater

88
Nike of Samothrace
  • Samothrace, Greece
  • Circa 190 BCE
  • Marble
  • 8 1 tall

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Nike of Samothrace
  • Second level of a fountain
  • Nike stands on the bow of a warship
  • Right hand held a wreath to crown the victorious
  • Motion (wind)
  • Drapery
  • Wings
  • Theatrical
  • Uses the fountain to create the scene

91
Venus de Milo (Aphrodite from Melos)
  • Alexandros of Antioch-on-the-Meander
  • Melos, Greece
  • Circa 150-125 BCE
  • Marble
  • 6 7 tall

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Venus de Milo (Aphrodite from Melos)
  • One of the first nude females
  • Sensuous
  • Not fully nude
  • Goddess of Love Beauty
  • Hands
  • Left hand held the apple
  • Right hand held drapery

94
Laocoon and his sons
  • Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes
  • Early first century ADE
  • Rome, Italy
  • Marble
  • 7 10 tall

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Laocoon and his sons
  • Trojan priest Laocoon
  • Tried to warn against bringing the Trojan Horse
    in
  • Athena sent serpents out of the sea to punish
    Laocoon and his sons
  • Laocoon is Trojan
  • Athena is Greek
  • Who were the heroes?

97
Laocoon and his sons
  • His death misunderstood by the Trojans
  • Sealed the deal on the Trojan horse
  • Beware Greeks bearing gifts

98
Laocoon and his sons
  • Classic Hellenistic art
  • Pathos
  • Suffering
  • Physical and emotional agony
  • Sensuous texture
  • Theatrical
  • Very dramatic

99
The End?
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