%example (Id, Class, AVS)

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????????? ?????????????????? ? 10

• ????. ???????????, ???
• 2004/2005

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??????? ????????????

• ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? (????????)
• ???????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ????????? ???????
• ??????? ???????
• ???????? ??
• ???? ???????
• ????? ???????

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??????? ????????????

• ????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????
• ???????-????????
• ?????????? ????
• ?????

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???? ??????? ????????

• ??????????? ?? ?????????
• example (Id, Class, AVS)
• example(a4,mammal,has_covering hair,
• milk t, homeothermic t,
• habitat air, eggs f, gills f).
• example(a5,fish,has_covering scales,
• milk f, homeothermic f,
• habitat sea, eggs t, gills t).
• example(a6,reptile,has_covering scales,
• milk f, homeothermic f,
• habitat land, eggs t, gills f).

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???? ??????? ????????

• ??????????? ?? ??????????
• IF AiVij AkVkm THEN Classp
• IF AsVst AnVnl THEN Classq

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?????? ???????? ? ?????????

• ?????????
• ???????
• ??????????

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• learn(H)-
• findall(ClassAVS,
• example(_,Class,AVS),
• Ex),
• lrn(Ex,H).

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• lrn(E,H) -
• del(ClassA,E,E1),
• del(ClassB,E1,E2),
• lgg(A,B,LGG,Class),
• \((member(C1LGG,E2),
• \(ClassC1))),
• lrn(ClassLGGE2,H).
• lrn(H,H).

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• lgg(,,,Class).
• lgg(AV1Rest1,AV2Rest2, AH1Hyp,Class)
  -
• lgg1(A,V1,V2,H1,Class),
• lgg(Rest1,Rest2,Hyp,Class).

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• lgg1(_,X,Y,X,_)- XY,!.
• lgg1(A,X,Y,_,C)-
• X \ Y,
• nominal(C,N),member(A,N).
• lgg1(A,X,Y,H,C)-
• X \Y,
• linear(C,L),member(A,L),
• cover(X,Y,H).
• lgg1(A,X,Y,H,C)-
• X \Y,
• struct(C,L),member(A,L),
• common_parent(X,Y,H,C).

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• cover(X,X,X)-!.
• cover(X,Y,Min,Max)-
• atom(X),atom(Y),!,
• min(X,Y,Min),
• max(X,Y,Max).
• cover(X,Y1,Y2,Min,Max)-
• atom(X),!,
• min(X,Y1,Min),
• max(X,Y2,Max).
• cover(X1,X2,Y,Min,Max)-
• atom(Y),!,
• min(X1,Y,Min),
• max(X2,Y,Max).
• cover(X1,X2,Y1,Y2,Min,Max)-
• min(X1,Y1,Min),
• max(X2,Y2,Max).

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• min(X,X,X)-!.
• min(X,Y,X)-XltY,!.
• min(X,Y,Y)-XgtY.
• max(X,X,X)-!.
• max(X,Y,X)-XgtY,!.
• max(X,Y,Y)-XltY.

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• common_parent(X,Y,H,C)-
• parent(H,X,C),
• parent(H,Y,C).
• parent(X,X,C).
• parent(X,Y,C)-isa(C,Y,X).
• parent(X,Y,C)-isa(C,Y,Z),parent(X,Z,C).

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• del(X,XT,T).
• del(X,YT,YV) -
• del(X,T,V).
• member(X,X_).
• member(X,_T) -
• member(X,T).
• write_list().
• write_list(HRest)-
• write(H),nl,
• write_list(Rest).

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??????

• example(a1,mammal,has_covering hair, milk
  t, homeothermic t, habitat land, eggs f,
  gills f).
• example(a2,mammal,has_covering none, milk
  t, homeothermic t, habitat sea, eggs f,
  gills f).
• example(a3,mammal,has_covering hair, milk
  t, homeothermic t, habitat sea, eggs t,
  gills f).
• example(a4,mammal,has_covering hair, milk
  t, homeothermic t, habitat air, eggs f,
  gills f).
• example(a5,fish,has_covering scales, milk
  f, homeothermic f, habitat sea, eggs t,
  gills t).

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??????

• example(a6,reptile,has_covering scales, milk
  f, homeothermic f, habitat land, eggs t,
  gills f).
• example(a7,reptile,has_covering scales, milk
  f, homeothermic f, habitat sea, eggs t,
  gills f).
• example(a8,bird,has_covering feathers, milk
  f, homeothermic t, habitat air, eggs t,
  gills f).
• example(a9,bird,has_covering feathers, milk
  f, homeothermic t, habitat land, eggs t,
  gills f).
• example(a10,amphibian,has_covering none, milk
  f, homeothermic f, habitat land, eggs t,
  gills f).

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??????

• struct(_,).
• linear(_,).
• nominal(_,has_covering,milk,homeothermic,habitat,
  eggs,gills)

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??????

• ?- learn(H),write_list(H).
  bird,has_coveringfeathers,milkf,homeoth
  ermict,
• habitat_3699,eggst,gillsf
• reptile,has_coveringscales,milkf,
• homeothermicf,habitat_3039,eggst,gillsf
• mammal,has_covering_2095,milkt,homeothermict,
• habitat_2324,eggs_2464,gillsf
• fish,has_coveringscales,milkf,homeothermicf,
• habitatsea,eggst,gillst
• amphibian,has_coveringnone,milkf,homeothermicf
  ,habitatland,eggst,gillsf

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??????

• example(1,pos,hs octagon, bs octagon, sm
  no, ho sword, jc red, ti yes).
• example(2,pos,hs octagon, bs octagon, sm
  yes, ho sword, jc red, ti yes).
• example(3,neg,hs round, bs square, sm
  yes, ho sword, jc blue, ti no).
• example(4,neg,hs round, bs square, sm
  yes, ho flag, jc green, ti yes).
• example(5,pos,hs octagon, bs round, sm
  yes, ho sword, jc red, ti yes).
• example(6,pos,hs square, bs octagon, sm
  yes, ho sword, jc red, ti yes).
• example(7,pos,hs square, bs square, sm
  no, ho sword, jc red, ti yes).

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??????? ????????????

• ?- learn(H),write_list(H).
  neg,hsoctagon,bssquare,smyes,ho_125218,j
  cblue,
• tino
• neg,hssquare,bsround,sm_123819,ho_123946,jcg
  reen,
• ti_124150
• neg,hsoctagon,bsround,sm_120834,ho_120961,jc
  yellow,tino
• neg,hssquare,bsoctagon,sm_116815,ho_116942,jc
  green,ti_117146
• neg,hssquare,bsround,sm_113808,ho_113935,jcy
  ellow,
• tino
• neg,hssquare,bsround,sm_111648,ho_111775,jcb
  lue,
• ti_111979
• neg,hsround,bsoctagon,sm_106498,ho_106625,jc
  yellow,ti_106829
• neg,hsround,bsoctagon,sm_101722,ho_101849,jc
  green,
• ti_102053

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• neg,hsround,bsoctagon,sm_100472,ho_100599,jc
  blue,
• ti_100803
• pos,hsround,bsround,sm_93315,ho_93442,jc_935
  82,
• ti_93735
• pos,hssquare,bssquare,sm_84522,ho_84649,jc_8
  4789,
• ti_84942
• pos,hsoctagon,bsoctagon,sm_70090,ho_70217,jc
  _70357,
• ti_70510
• neg,hsround,bssquare,sm_55652,ho_55779,jcyel
  low,
• ti_55983
• neg,hsround,bssquare,sm_51710,ho_51837,jcgre
  en,
• ti_52041
• neg,hsround,bssquare,sm_45417,ho_45544,jcblu
  e,
• ti_45748
• pos,hs_41557,bs_41658,sm_41772,ho_41899,jcre
  d,
• ti_42103
• neg,hsoctagon,bsround,smno,hoflag,jcgreen,ti
  no
• neg,hssquare,bsoctagon,smyes,hoballoon,jcblu
  e,tino
• neg,hssquare,bsoctagon,smno,hoflag,jcyellow,
  tiyes

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???? ??????? ????????

• attribute(size,small,large).
• attribute(shape,long,compact,other).
• attribute(holes,none,1,2,3,many).

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???? ??????? ????????

• ??????????? ?? ?????????
• example (Class, AVS)
• example(nut,sizesmall,shapecompact,holes1).
• example(screw,sizesmall,shapelong,holesnone).
  
• example(key,sizesmall,shapelong,holes1).
• example(nut,sizesmall,shapecompact,holes1).
• example(key,sizelarge,shapelong,holes1).
• example(screw,sizesmall,shapecompact,holesnone
  ).
• example(nut,sizesmall,shapecompact,holes1).
• example(pen,sizelarge,shapelong,holesnone).
• example(scissors,sizelarge,shapelong,holes2).
  
• example(pen,sizelarge,shapelong,holesnone).
• example(scissors,sizelarge,shapeother,holes2)
  .
• example(key,sizesmall,shapeother,holes2).

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• match(Object,Description)-
• member(Conjunction,Description),
• satisfy(Object,Conjunction).
• satisfy(Object,Conjunction)-
• not ( member(AttVal,Conjunction),
• member(AttValX,Object),
• ValX \ Val ).

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• -op(300,xfx,lt).
• learn(Class)-
• bagof(example(CalssX,Obj),
• example(CalssX,Obj),
• Examples),
• learn(Examples,Class,Description),
• nl,write(Class),write(lt),nl,
• writelist(Description),
• assert(ClassltDescription).

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• learn(Examples,Class,)-
• not member(example(Calss,_),Examples).
• learn(Examples,Class,ConjConjs)-
• learn_conj(Examples,Class,Conj),
• remove(Examples,Conj,RestExamples),
• learn(REstExamples,Class,Conjs).

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• learn_conj(Examples,Class,)-
• not (member(example(CalsX,_),Examples),
• ClasX \ Class).
• learn_conj(Examples,Class,CondConds)-
• choose_cond(Examples,Class,Cond),
• filter(Examples,Cond,Examples1),
• learn_conj(Examples1,Class,Conds).
• learn_conj(Examples,_,).

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• choose_cond(Examples,Class,AttVal)-
• findall(AV/Score,
• score(Examples,Class,AV,Score),
• AVs),
• best(AVs,AttVal).
• best(AttVal/_,AttVal).
• best(AV0/S0, AV1/S1 AVSlist,AttVal)-
• S1 gt S0, !,
• best(AV1/S1 AVSlist,AttVal)
• best(AV0/S0 AVSlist,AttVal).

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• filter(Examples,Cond,Examples1)-
• findall(example(Calss,Obj),
• (member(example(Calss,Obj),Examples),
• satisfy(Obj,Cond)),
• Examples1).

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• remove(,_,).
• remove(example(Class,Obj)Es,Conj,Es1)-
• satisfy(Obj,Conj),!,
• remove(Es,Conj,Es1).
• remove(EEs,Conj,EEs1)-
• remove(Es,Conj,Es1).

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• satisfy(Object,Conjunction)-
• not ( member(AttVal,Conjunction),
• member(AttValX,Object),
• ValX \ Val ).
• score(Examples,Class,AttVal,Score)-
• candidate(Examples,Class,AttVal),
• filter(Examples,AttVal,Examples1),
• length(Examples1,N1),
• count_pos(Examples1,Class,NPos1),
• NPos1 gt0,
• Score is 2NPos1 N1.

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• candidate(Examples,Class,AttVal)-
• attribute(Att,Values),
• member(Val,Values),
• suitable(AttVal,Examples,Class).
• suitable(AttVal,Examples,Class)-
• member(example(ClassX,ObjX),Examples),
• ClassX \ Class,
• not satisfy(ObjX, AttVal),!.

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• count_pos(,_,0).
• count_pos(example(ClassX,_)Ex,Class,N)-
• count_pos(Ex,Class,N1),
• (ClassXClass,!, N is N11 N N1).
• writelist().
• writelist(XL)-
• tab(2), write(X), nl,
• writelist(L).

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• ?- learn(pen).
• penlt
• holesnone,sizelarge
• yes
• ?- learn(key).
  keylt
• shapeother,sizesmall holes1,shapelong
• yes
• ?- learn(nut).
• nutlt
• shapecompact,holes1
• yes

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• ?- learn(screw).
• screwlt
• holesnone,sizesmall
• yes
• ?- learn(scissors).
• scissorslt
• holes2,sizelarge
• yes