MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH

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MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH

• HIRDLS The High Resolution Dynamics Limb
  Sounder
• Future potential in remote sensing for the UT/LS
  region.
• Benefit to the community
• UT/LS Research Initiative
• Building upon existing strength, anticipation of
  new capabilities (HIAPER)
• opportunity for the greater role for university
  community.
• WACCM Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
• An inter-Divisional Community modeling effort
  that benefits from a National Center setting.

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Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center
for Atmospheric Research

• 24-26 October 2001 NSF Review
• The High Resolution Dynamics
• Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)
• A Joint US-UK Experiment
• John Gille US PI John Barnett UK PI
• University of Colorado/NCAR Oxford University
• Objectives Measure temperature, 10 species,
  aerosols and PSCs from 8-80 km with SPECIAL
  EMPHASIS ON UT/LS.
• BETTER VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION THAN
  PREVIOUSLY AVAILABLE GLOBALLY.

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HIRDLS Science Team
U.S. U.K. Principal Investigators J. Gille,
CU/NCAR J. Barnett, OXF Instrument Design,
Management M. Coffey, NCAR C. Mutlow, RAL W.
Mankin, NCAR J. Seeley, Reading J. Whitney,
OXF Dynamical modeling and Analysis B. Boville,
NCAR R. Harwood, Edinburgh J. Holton, UW D.
Andrews, OXF C. Leovy, UW M. McIntyre,
Cambridge H. Muller, Cranfield G. Vaughan,
Aberystwith A. ONeill, Reading Chemical
Measurements modeling L. Avallone, CU J. Pyle,
Cambridge G. Brasseur, MPI Aerosol Science O.
B. Toon, CU Radiative Transfer F. Taylor,
OXF Data Handling, Retrieval, Gridding K. Stone,
CU C. Rodgers, OXF E. Williamson, OXF
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HIRDLS Science Objectives

• Understand stratosphere-troposphere exchange of
  radiatively and chemically active constituents
  (inc. aerosols) down to small spatial scales
• Understand chemical processing, transports and
  mixing in the upper troposphere/lowermost
  stratosphere/lower overworld
• Understand budgets of quantities (momentum,
  energy, heat and potential vorticity) in the
  middle atmosphere that control stratosphere-tropos
  phere exchange
• Determine upper tropospheric composition (with
  high vertical resolution)
• Provide data to improve and validate small scales
  in models
• Measure global distributions of aerosols and
  PSCs and interannual variations

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The NCAR HIRDLS Team
John Gille, U.S. P.I.

• Byron Boville (CGD)
• Charles Cavanaugh
• Michael Coffey, Deputy PI
• Cheryl Craig
• David Edwards
• Chris Halvorson
• Boris Khattatov
• Rashid Khosravi
• ACD Visitors (CU Staff)
• Philip Arter
• James Craft
• Michael Dials
• Linda Henderson
• Charles Krinsky
• Aaron Lee

• Doug Kinnison
• Jean-Francois Lamarque
• Alyn Lambert
• Lawrence Lyjak
• Bill Mankin
• Dan Packman
• Barb Tunison
• Joanne Loh
• Joe McInerney
• Ken Stone
• David Wilson
• Douglas Woodard

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HIRDLS Chronology

• 1988 Proposed as HIRRLS for EOS
• 1989 Selected for Phase B Directed to merge
  with Oxford DLS became HIRDLS
• 1991 Accepted for development as HIRDLS
• 1993 Restructure of EOS payload, HIRDLS on 3rd
  platform
• 1997 University of Colorado takes over HIRDLS
  management
• 2000 Completion of Engineering Model
• 2001 Delivery of all subsystems of ProtoFlight
  Model
• Completion of EM operational retrieval code
• 2002 Calibration, delivery of PFM to spacecraft
  integrator
• 2003 Scheduled Launch

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Summary of Measurement Requirements

• Temperature lt50 km 0.4 K precision
• 1 K absolute
• gt50 km 1 K precision
• 2 K absolute
• Constituents O3, H2O, CH4, H2O, HNO3, NO2, N2O5,
  1-5 precision
• ClONO2, CF2Cl2, CFCl3, Aerosol 5-10 absolute
• Geopotential height gradient 20
  metres/500 km (vertical/horizontal)
• (Equivalent 60oN geostrophic wind) (3 m s-1)
• Coverage
• Horizontal - global 90oS to 90oN (must include
  polar night)
• Vertical - upper troposphere to mesopause
  (8-80 km)
• Temporal - long-term, continuous (5 years
  unbroken)
• Resolution
• Horizontal - profile spacing of 5o latitude x
  5o longitude (approx 500 km)

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Limb Technique and Coverage
IR Limb Scanning Technique
Infrared radiance emitted by the earths
atmosphere, seen at the limb, is measured as a
function of relative altitude. Technique
previously applied by LIMS and ISAMS HIRDLS
measures in 21 spectral channels.
12-hour coverage
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Accomplishments ofNCAR Science Team

• Documented and updated top-level Science and
  Instrument Requirements
• Oversaw flow-down of specifications to technical
  specifications
• Participated in instrument design, for areas
  impacting science
• Developed prototype retrieval algorithms, aided
  in conversion into operational code
• Provided requirements to Lockheed for subsystem
  and instrument testing
• Analyzed results of subsystem testing
• Developed plan for scientific uses of the data

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Engineering Model
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Measurement Capabilities
A L T I T U D E
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HIRDLS Retrievals of 1 Orbit of Data Simulated
from MOZART 3 Model
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Future Plans

• Oversee completion of Instrument Integration
• Participate in EM calibration development
• Participate in PFM testing and calibration
• Oversee integration and testing on spacecraft and
  launch
• Complete algorithms, include additional features
• Finalize and test operational codes
• Intensify planning for use of data in science
  studies
• LAUNCH (Scheduled June 2003)
• Process data, find and correct artifacts
• Validate data
• Apply data to studies, notably of the UT/LS

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Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center
for Atmospheric Research

• Upper Troposphere
• Lower Stratosphere
• (UT/LS)
• Sue Schauffler
• Associate Scientist IV
• Stratosphere/Troposphere Measurements Project
• 24-26 October 2001, NSF Review

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Importance of the UT/LS region

• The tropopause region exhibits a complex
  interplay between dynamics, transport, radiation,
  chemistry, and microphysics.
• This is particularly highlighted in the case of
  ozone and water vapor, which provide much of the
  climate sensitivity in this region. (SPARC
  Tropopause Workshop, April, 2001).
• Transition region between the troposphere and
  stratosphere, both of which have mechanisms of
  ozone production and loss that are fundamentally
  different.
• Strong gradients in many trace constituents
  including water vapor and ozone.
• Transport processes occur on a multitude of
  scales including global, synoptic, and
  subsynoptic.

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UT/LS ChemistryProduction and Destruction of
Ozone

• Seasonal variations in ozone and water vapor
• HOx and NOx budgets
• ClOx and BrOx budgets
• PAN, organic nitrates, HNO3 contributions to NOy
• Heterogeneous processes associated with aerosols
  and cirrus clouds
• Aerosol formation and composition
• Influence of the summer monsoon and convection on
  UT/LS chemistry

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Seasonal Variation in Water Vapor
Randel et al., JGR, 106, 13, 14,313, 2001
Pan et al., JGR, 105, 21, 26,519, 2000
Figure 8. Horizontal structure of water vapor at
390K in July. Dark and light shading denote
maxima (gt4.6 ppmv) and minima (lt3.6 ppmv) in
water vapor, respectively.
Plate 2. Comparisons of middle world water vapor
from SAGE II, MLS, and ER-2 in-situ measurements
for 350 K.
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UT/LS Annual Cycle in Ozone
Logan JGR, 104, 13, 16,115, 1999 An Analysis
of Ozonesonde Data for the Troposphere
Figure 8. Annual cycle at the tropopause
(middle), 1 km below the tropopause (bottom) and
2 km above the tropopause (top) for four Canadian
stations. Monthly median values are shown.
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TOPSE NOy UT budget
Frank Flocke TOPSE NOy balance during TOPSE,
north of 58 degrees, upper troposphere (gt6km
flight altitude)
A. Weinheimer, NCAR B.A. Ridley, NCAR B. Talbot,
UNH J. Dibb, UNH D. Blake, UC Irvine R. Cohen, UC
Berkeley
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UT/LS Transport

• Processes that maintain sharp gradients in
  constituents across the tropopause.
• Influence of various transport processes, such as
  convection, on gradients of VOCs, halogens,
  nitrogen compounds, and other constituents.
• Magnitude of irreversible exchange from transient
  baroclinic waves and large/small scale transport
  in midlatitudes.

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Tropopause Folding Event
Tropopause fold observed during TOPSE Browell et
al., NASA Langley.
J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994, 1980 Shapiro, M.A.
J. Beuermann, et al., 2001, Julich.
PV (PVU)
Potential Temp. (K)
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Evidence of Convective Transport E. Atlas
(NCAR), H. Selkirk (NASA)
WB-57 Flight
Convection
  Figure 1. Back-trajectories calculated along
the WB-57 flight track intersect regions of
strong convection in the tropical Pacific Ocean.
Figure 2. CO Methyl nitrate
relationship observed during ACCENT (23 April)
over the Gulf of Mexico (blue dots), and same
relationship from PEM TROPICS (over tropical
Pacific Ocean (red dots). The measurements and
modeling of the Gulf data suggest convective
redistribution over the Pacific followed by 2 day
transport to the east.  
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NCAR Aircraft
Current NSF/NCAR C-130 up to 7-8 km
Future NSF/NCAR HIAPER up to 14-15 km
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Tropopause Location
Holton et al., Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 4, 403,
1995 (figure courtesy of C. Appenzeller)
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Tools in ACD for UT/LS Studies

• Aircraft Instruments Apel - Oxygenated
  hydrocarbons Atlas - Halocarbons,
  Hydrocarbons, Alkyl nitrates, Oxygenated
  hydrocarbons Cantrell RO2 Coffey/Mankin
  N2O, CO, FTIR Eisele OH, HNO3, Sulfur
  species Fried Formaldehyde Ridley NOx,
  NOy, Fast O3 Shetter SAFS
  Flocke/Weinheimer PAN, PPN, MPAN, PiBN, APAN
  Guenther VOCs Campos/ATD CO2, O3, CO, H2O,
  and aerosol instruments.
• Models Garcia/ Kinnison WACCM/MOZART
  Madronich MM, TUV McKenna CLaMS Hess -
  HANK
• Satellite observations and analysis Gille
  HIRDLS, MOPITT Randel HALOE, TOMS Massie -
  UARS
• Ground based remote sensing Mankin/Coffey
  FTIR spectrometer Newchurch - RAPCD

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UT/LS Field Campaign

• Initial field campaign to study Photochemistry at
  mid to high latitudes out of Jeffco using HIAPER.
• To formulate details of the field campaign, ACD
  will convene a community workshop to solicit
  ideas and input from colleagues at universities
  and other government sponsored agencies.
• Integrate aircraft measurements, satellite
  observations, and modeling efforts.
• Use simultaneous observations of key active and
  tracer species as constraints for testing and
  improving atmospheric models.

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Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center
for Atmospheric Research

• WACCM
• Whole Atmosphere
• Community Climate Model
• Rolando Garcia
• Senior Scientist, Modeling Group
• (special thanks to D. Kinnison)
• NSF Review, 24-26 October 2001

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WACCM MotivationRoble, Geophysical Monographs,
123, 53, 2000

• Coupling between atmospheric layers
• Waves transport energy and momentum from the
  lower atmosphere to drive the QBO, SAO, sudden
  warmings, mean meridional circulation
• Solar inputs, e.g., auroral production of NO in
  the mesosphere and downward transport to the
  stratosphere
• Stratosphere-troposphere exchange
• Climate Variability and Climate Change
• What is the impact of the stratosphere on
  tropospheric variability, e.g., the Artic
  oscillation or annular mode?
• How important is coupling among radiation,
  chemistry, and circulation? (e.g., in the
  response to O3 depletion or CO2 increase)

Jarvis, Bridging the Atmospheric
Divide Science, 293, 2218, 2001
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WACCM Motivation

• Response to Solar Variability
• Recent satellite observations have shown that
  solar cycle variation is
• 0.1 for total Solar Irradiance
• 5-10 at ? 200nm
• - Radiation at wavelengths near 200 nm is
  absorbed in the stratosphere
• gt Impacts on global climate may be mediated by
  stratospheric chemistry and dynamics
• Satellite observations
• There are several satellite programs that can
  benefit from a comprehensive model to help
  interpret observations
• e.g., UARS, TIMED, EOS Aura

UARS / SOLSTICE
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Chronology of Model Development

• 1999 Scientists in ACD, CGD, HAO agree on the
  need for a comprehensive ground-to-thermosphere
  model
• 1999-2001 NCAR Directors fund provides seed
  money to support 1.3 new FTEs. Allows software
  development and proof of concept
• 2001 Initial work on model completed (chemistry
  calculations are currently offline)
• 2001 Preliminary scientific results presented
  at the CCSM Workshop in Breckenridge, CO, and at
  the IAMAS Assembly in Innsbruck, Austria
• 2001 Responsibility for support of 1.5 new FTEs
  transferred to the scientific divisions.
  Leveraged by proposals to NASA (LWS, ROSS Theory
  and Modeling)
• 2002 WACCM workshop in connection with CEDAR
  meeting model released to community

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WACCM ComponentsCollaboration between 3 NCAR
Divisions
TIME GCM
HAO R. Roble B. Foster
ACD R. Garcia D. Kinnison S. Walters
Mesospheric Thermospheric Processes
MOZART

WACCM
Chemistry
(currently offline)
Dynamics Physical processes
plus additonal collaborators from all three
divisions
MACCM3
CGD B. Boville F. Sassi
(Middle Atmosphere CCM)
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WACCM and the NCARCommunity Climate System Model
ICE

Atmosphere
OCEAN
WACCM
LAND
dynamics, chemistry
WACCM uses the software framework of the NCAR
CCSM. May be run in place of the standard CAM
(Community Atmospheric Model)
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Dynamics Module
Additions to the original MACCM3 code

• A parameterization of non-LTE IR (15 ?m band of
  CO2 above 70 km) merged with CCSM IR
  parameterization (below 70 km)
• Short wave heating rates (above 70 km) due to
  absorption of radiation shortward of 200 nm and
  chemical potential heating
• Gravity Wave parameterization extended upward,
  includes dissipation by molecular viscosity
• Effects of dissipation of momentum and heat by
  molecular viscosity (dominant above 100 km)
• Diffusive separation of atmospheric constituents
  above about 90 km
• Simplified parameterization of ion drag

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WACCMZonal Winds, Temperature
Gross diagnostics (zonal mean behavior) Complete
climatological analysis is planned
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Solstice Temperature Distribution (K)
July
January
note cold Antarctic winter stratosphere
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Chemistry Module (50 species 41 Photolysis, 93
Gas Phase, 17 Heterogeneous Rx)

• Our goal was to represent the chemical processes
  considered important in the
• Troposphere, Stratosphere, and Mesosphere
• Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, and BrOx
• Heterogeneous processes on sulfate, nitric acid
  hydrates, and water-ice aerosols
• Thermosphere (limited)
• Auroral NOx production
• Currently do not include ion-molecule reactions

(Taken from Brasseur and Solomon, 1986)
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WACCM Chemical Species

• Long-lived Species (17-species, 1-constant)
• Misc CO2, CO, CH4, H2O, N2O, H2, O2
• CFCs CCl4, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113
• HCFCs HCFC-22
• Chlorocarbons CH3Cl, CH3CCl3,
• Bromocarbons CH3Br
• Halons H-1211, H-1301
• Constant Species N2
• Short-lived Species (32-species)
• OX O3, O, O(1D)
• NOX N, N(2D), NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HO2NO2
• ClOX Cl, ClO, Cl2O2, OClO, HOCl, HCl, ClONO2,
  Cl2
• BrOX Br, BrO, HOBr, HBr, BrCl, BrONO2
• HOX H, OH, HO2, H2O2
• HC Species CH2O, CH3O2, CH3OOH

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Heterogeneous Chemistry Module
Sulfate Aerosols (H2O, H2SO4) - LBS
Rlbs 0.1 mm
k1/4VSAD? (SAD from SAGEII)
gt200 K
Sulfate Aerosols (H2O, HNO3, H2SO4) - STS
Rsts 0.5 mm
Thermo. Model (Tabazadeh)
?
Nitric Acid Hydrate (H2O, HNO3) NAD, NAT
Rlbs 0.1 mm
RNAH 2-5 mm
188 K (Tsat)
ICE (H2O, with NAH Coating)
Rice 20-100 mm
185 K (Tnuc)
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Computational Demands

• Using the MOZART3 framework
• Resolution of 2.8 x 2.8 degrees horizontal, 2
  km vertical
• Calculations at gt500,000 grid cells time step
  of 20 minutes
• Coded to run on massively parallel architectures
  (IBM Blackforest at NCAR)
• 16 nodes x 4 processors per node (64 processors)
• 1 model year 1.25 wall clock days
• Near Future Advanced Research Computing System
  (ARCS)
• Expect a 5-fold increase in computational
  resources
• 4 model years 1 wall clock day

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CH4 (ppmv), March
UARS / HALOECLAES Data
WACCM / MOZART3
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NOx (ppbv), March
UARS / HALOE Data
WACCM / MOZART3
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Total Column Ozone (Dobson Units)
WACCM (daily)
Earth Probe TOMS, 1999 (daily)
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Equatorial H2O (ppmv), UARS HALOE
Strat / Trop Exchange of Water Vapor A Key
Question for Chemistry and Radiative
Transfer The observed tape recorder signal in
the lower stratosphere is shown at left (imprint
of the sesonal cycle in tropopause temperature)
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Calculated Equatorial H2O (ppmv)
Semi Lagrangian advection
Lin and Rood advection (now used in WACCM)
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WACCM Science Application

• Middle Atmosphere Variability due to Planetary
  Waves Propagating from the Troposphere
• Changes in tropical sea surface temperature
  (SST) alter the forcing of large-scale waves
  that propagate into the middle atmosphere
• This can impact the structure and intensity of
  the winter polar night vortex
• Model Simulation
• WACCM was run with time-dependent SST from 1979
  through 1998 specified from observations
• Model results grouped according to whether the
  SST distribution corresponds to El Niño or La
  Niña years

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Response in the Troposphere
500 mb Geopotential (JAN) Ensemble Difference El
Niño La Niña
canonical tropospheric response (PNA pattern)
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Response in the Lower Stratosphere
JAN DT (K) at 100 mb El Niño La Niña

• ENSO effects extend into the stratosphere (and
  above)
• At high latitudes, a large warm anomaly is shown
  which corresponds to a more disturbed polar
  vortex during El Niño years relative to La Niña
  years
• A disturbed polar vortex is accompanied by polar
  temperatures colder by several degrees.
• Could have significant impact on polar
  heterogeneous processes

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Future Work and Plans Interactive Dynamics and
Chemistry
Current (Offline Chemistry)
Under development (Coupled Chemistry)
Dynamics -------------------------------- Chemis
try
Dynamics -------------------------------- Chemis
try
Specified O3 drives Qsw
Calculated O3 drives Qsw
gt Coupled model allows feedbacks between Qsw and
dynamics

• Coming Attractions...
• Community workshop will be organized for 2002
• WACCM to be released as community model