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Concordances

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Title: Concordances


1
Concordances
2
Bible Atlases
  • Should provide maps sufficiently detailed
  • To accurately plot historic sites
  • To give the names as they appeared in Bible times
  • To show ancient roads highways places of
    importance.

3
Bible Atlases
  • Should clearly mark geographical features, but
    not so as to crowd the text on a given page.
  • Longitude and latitude should show the location
    of places in terms of degrees from the Equator
    and the Prime Meridian.

4
Bible Atlases
  • By means of an atlas you will be able to
  • Locate as nearly as possible the places made
    famous by those living in Bible times
  • Trace the movements of peoples and armies
  • Understand the significance of events mentioned
    in the Bible

5
Bible Atlases
  • The Zondervan NiVAtlas of the Bible by Carl G.
    Rasmussen (1989) is a work with many excellent
    features. Replete with colorful maps by Carta of
    Jerusalem, the reader soon becomes aware of the
    fact that this work is in reality an historical
    geography of the lands of the Bible. This does
    not detract from its value, but only serves to
    warn the beginning Bible student that not
    everything with the word atlas in the title is
    in reality an atlas.
  • The biblical text used throughout this atlas is
    the New International Version (MV), but this does
    little to improve the overall worth of this work.
    The value of what Rasmussen wrote lies in his
    eye-witness report of the geographic features of
    the Holy Land coupled with a masterful
    description of different historic events that
    took place at these sites. The result is an
    atlas that lends itself to being read through
    from cover to cover. Used in this way, the
    benefit to the user will be great.

6
Bible Atlases
  • The Macmillan Bible Atlas was edited by Y.
    Aharoni and M. Avi-Yonahtwo Jewish scholars of
    international repute. The revised third edition
    (1993) is the work of A. F. Rainey and Z. Safrai.
    MBA is a work of rare excellence, containing maps
    identifying biblical sites and events and
    inasmuch as it follows the chronology of the
    Bible (though some of the dating is
    questionable), it may be used to good effect when
    ever one is studying an historical book of either
    the Old or New Testa ment. Concentration is on
    the Holy Land, and so it evidences a lack when it
    comes to treating the expansion of the early
    Church. In spite of this limitation, MBA quickly
    grows on the user until it becomes one of the
    first sources (if not the first) the researcher
    reaches for whenever trying to locate where an
    event took place.

7
Bible Atlases
  • The Moody Atlas of the Bible by Barry J. Beitzel
    (1985) is a work of considerable erudition. It
    begins appropriately with an extensive section on
    The Physical Geography of the Holy Land, and
    this is followed by informative discussions of
    The Historical Geography of the Holy Land and
    The History of Biblical Mapmaking. Colored
    maps, plates and pictures further enhance this
    excellent work. Coverage extends to both
    Testaments, the Old as well as the New.

8
Bible Atlases
  • By means of an atlas you will be able to locate
    as nearly as possible the places made famous by
    those living in Bible times (e.g., Shechem,
    Bethel, Shiloh, Mizpah, Zion, Ephesus, Troas
    Troy, Athens, Corinth, Rome, and the islands of
    the Mediterranean visited by the Apostle Paul
    during his travels), and trace the movements of
    peoples and armies (e.g., the mute of the Exodus,
    the settlement of the twelve tribes in Canaan,
    and attacks upon Jerusalem by Syrians, Assyrians,
    Babylonians, Egyp tians, Romans). And you will
    also come to understand the significance of
    events mentioned in the Bible (e.g., the routing
    of Siseras army, Judges chap. 4 the location of
    Joppa, Tarshish and Nineveh in the Bookof Jonah
    the close proximity of Bethpage and Bethany to
    the Mount of Olives, Luke 1929), and a host of
    other details.

9
Bible Atlases
  • While you need accuracy for your own study, be
    aware of aids that can assist you in your
    communication of this kind of information to
    Bible classes.
  • Manna Bible Maps (Power Point)
  • Then and Now Bible Maps (also have a Power Point
    version)

10
Concordances
  • Use and Misuse
  • 1) To locate a verse in the Bible.
  • Not a misuse, but there are far more valuable
    uses of the tool.
  • 2) To collect disconnected statements which
    without discrimination are arbitrarily woven
    into a doctrinal framework.
  • At best is an abuse of the purpose of the tool.

11
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 1) To determine the true meaning of words.
  • May be done more surely by concordance than by
    lexicon word meanings are to be determined more
    through usage than definition.
  • A foreign student, wishing to pay high respect to
    an American teacher, addressed him in a letter,
    August and awful Sir!

12
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • Dictionary definitions on which he depended may
    have contained the desired meaning, but usage
    gives those words an entirely different
    connotation.
  • An illustration of this principle in a study of
    the term Son of man.
  • Obvious meaning would seem to be the true
    humanity of Jesus.

13
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • An illustration of this principle in a study of
    the term Son of man.
  • Study of term by means of concordance, however,
    revises this original conception and replaces it
    with a messianic meaning.
  • Term is Js favorite designation of himself, used
    with far greater frequency.
  • Further, in the Gospels it is used by Jesus only
    (one exception when enemies ask what he means by
    it).

14
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • An illustration of this principle in a study of
    the term Son of man.
  • Many of passages in which Jesus uses the title
    are those in which he is making exalted claims
    for himself.
  • Is used only 3 times outside the Gospelsin Acts
    by Stephen with messianic meaning and twice in
    Revelation where it has exalted significance.

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16
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • An illustration of this principle in a study of
    the term Son of man.
  • Where did it come from? Concordance takes you
    back to the Psalms, Ezekiel and Daniel.
  • NT usage suggests a strong affinity to Daniels
    usage, where the one with this title is given an
    everlasting dominion that all the peoples,
    nations, and languages should serve him.

17
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 2) For the enriching of word meanings.
  • II Cor. 514 Paul writes that the love of Christ
    constraineth us.
  • Strongest lexical meaning given for constrain
    is to urge, impel.
  • Survey of usage elsewhere in NT points to a
    richer meaning.
  • The seizure of a dread disease (Lk. 438)
  • The overwhelming force of the pressure of a great
    throng of people (Lk. 845).

18
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 2) For the enriching of word meanings.
  • The inescapable ring of force which closes in on
    a besieged city (Lk. 1943).
  • The tight clutch with which a prisoner is held
    (Lk. 2263).
  • What did it mean for P. to be constrained by
    the love of Christ? It meant he was caught up by
    a mighty energy equal to those described above.

19
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 3) To distinguish the fine shades of meaning in
    synonyms translated by the same English word.
  • A reader of the KJV might be perplexed by Pauls
    statement in Gal. 16-7 about another gospel,
    which is not another.
  • Without Greek knowledge, he could determine
    (e.g., from Youngs Analytical Concordance) that
    two different words are translated by the English
    word another.

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22
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • Following the two words through the concordance,
    he would find that in many cases no distinction
    in meaning is made.
  • But where they are used in juxtaposition, or with
    distinct meanings, one means another of a
    different kind whereas the other means another
    of the same kind.
  • Translations may help, but the meaning may be
    made even clearer by tracing shades of meaning
    through the concordance.

23
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 4) For studying the distinctive truths of any
    particular book of the Bible.
  • One can readily discover the importance which any
    great truth assumes in any book by noting the
    relative frequency of the occurrence of the words
    which express it.
  • The idea of faith in the Gospel of John is an
    example.
  • One might be surprised to find the noun faith
    is not found, but the verb to believe is used
    100 times.

24
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25
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 4) For studying the distinctive truths of any
    particular book of the Bible.
  • In comparison with 19 occurrences of both noun
    and verb in Matthew, 20 in Mark, and 20 in Luke,
    Johns 100 uses of the word show how important
    belief is in his gospel.
  • The exclusive use of the verb tells us that to
    John faith is an activity, not a concept.
  • To understand it better, one studies the context
    of each passage listed.

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27
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 5) To trace the growth of an idea through the
    Bible.
  • Would involve tracing the word which best conveys
    the idea, and related words, first through the
    OT, and then through the NT.
  • An involved process.
  • An example of this J. B. Lightfoots On the
    Meaning of Pleroma, in Saint Pauls Epistles to
    the Colossians and to Philemon.

28
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 6) To make a character study.
  • Nearly every concordance has a section which
    lists all the leading characters of the Bible in
    each instance where their names are mentioned.
  • To spot those instances, to study the
    circumstances surrounding each one, to survey the
    interrelations of other characters, makes Bible
    characters come to life.

29
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • 7) To interpret the significance of outstanding
    place which for one reason or another became the
    centers of outstanding events.
  • Places sometime assume more than geographical
    importance they become symbols of spiritual
    significance.
  • For example, trace references to the city of
    Shechem.

30
Concordances
  • Proper Uses
  • There Abraham raised his first altar.
  • There Jacob rededicated himself to God upon his
    return to Canaan.
  • There Joseph had gone to find his brothers when
    he was sold into slavery.
  • There that the Israelites stopped and held a
    solemn ceremony after entering the promised land.
  • Is it any wonder that Joseph instructed that his
    bones be buried there?

31
Concordances
  • For independent, first hand Bible study, a good
    concordance may be the most indispensable tool.
  • Questions answered by concordance use
  • What is the relative frequency or infrequency of
    a word or idea?
  • In what areas of the Bible is it used most
    frequently?
  • What are the interrelations of thought which
    gather around it?

32
Concordances
  • Questions answered concordance use
  • Is there any discernible growth in the idea?
  • How does it point forward to Christ?
  • What light does Christ cast back on it?

33
Concordances
  • Advice
  • Avoid an abridged concordance.
  • Use a concordance based on the translation you
    are using.
  • All modern concordances owe a debt to the past
    it is helpful to have an understanding of the
    leading tools of the recent past so as to be
    aware of the strengths upon which contemporary
    compilers have relied.

34
Concordances
  • Advice
  • Important to understand that publishers
    occasionally display some semantic elasticity in
    hawking their concordance wares.
  • The three principal terms are analytical,
    exhaustive, and complete.

35
Concordances
  • Analytical
  • An analytical concordance is one in which the
    words of the translated Bible are presented
    alphabetically, with passages in which each term
    occurs being apportioned under the respective
    Hebrew or Greek words underlying the term.

36
Youngs Analytical
37
Concordances
  • Exhaustive
  • An exhaustive concordance is one that lists
    passages in sequence under a headword, without
    classifying under the various original terms and
    in some way accounts for every occurrence of a
    word in the translation, including the word if
    and other frequently used conjunctions,
    relatives, and particles.

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40
Concordances
  • Complete
  • A complete concordance is one in which every word
    is cited and at least one passage is indicated
    for a word, as is the case especially for words
    that occur hundreds or thousands of times.
  • When in doubt, read the preface.
  • In the case of reprints that lack detailed
    editorial information, caveat emptor, buyer
    beware.

41
Concordances
  • Youngs Analytical Concordance to the Bible
  • Based on text of the AV
  • Form of the different Greek Hebrew words
    accompany the English word
  • Provides ready reference to each passage in which
    that word appears, making it easy to study words
    like faith, love, and obedience.

42
Concordances
  • Youngs Analytical Concordance to the Bible
  • The arrangement also show how different Heb GK
    words have translated by a single English word
    (e.g., lord, sleep, son, will.
  • The flexibility as well as the precision of the
    original languages is thus readily evident.
  • Included at the end is a handy lexicon to words
    appearing in the Old New Testaments.

43
Concordances
  • Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
  • Also based on the AV
  • Format established by Strong has set a standard
    of excellence for accuracy and completeness.
  • Unique feature against each entry there is a
    number directing the researcher to a Hebrew or
    Greek index at the back that contains information
    about the word used and its meaning(s).

44
Concordances
  • Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
  • E.g., under offering a number is indicated
    4503. Lower down, another number is given 8641.
  • References to 4503 8641 in the Hebrew and
    Chaldee Dictionary at the back will give you the
    meaning(s) of each word.
  • Greek words can be traced in the same way.

45
Concordances
  • Strongs Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible
  • what this means is that with little technical
    knowledge of the biblical languages, you may have
    access to the learning of others.
  • Tools like the Theological Wordbook of the Old
    Testament and the Logos Library System on CD-ROM
    have been coded to Strongs Concordance.

46
Concordances
  • R. L. Thomas, New American Standard Exhaustive
    Concordance of the Bible
  • Patterned after Strongs
  • Illustrative of the new works available today
  • Lists every word which may be used to locate a
    verse in the NASB also notes the Hebrew,
    Aramaic or Greek word from which the English is
    translated.
  • 10 yrs of work went into the work computers
    were used to compile an alphabetical listing of
    words and frequencies.

47
Concordances
  • R. L. Thomas, New American Standard Exhaustive
    Concordance of the Bible
  • As with Strongs, the Hebrew-Aramaic and Greek
    dictionaries are included at the back.
  • They have been arranged in such a way that those
    lacking a knowledge of the original languages may
    nevertheless be appraised of the root form of the
    word, the frequency of its occurrence, and its
    meaning(s).

48
Concordances
  • George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Hebrew and
    Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament
  • Arranged by Hebrew word, this work lists passages
    in the OT containing the term with its
    translation in the KJV
  • Because it is the usage of the word that
    determines its meaning, and because language is
    always changing, by using a concordance you will
    be able to

49
Concordances
  • George V. Wigram, The Englishmans Hebrew and
    Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament
  • By using a concordance you will be able to
  • Assess the general meaning of a given word
  • Tie in its usage with different writers and/or
    eras of history (e.g., Mosaic period, united or
    divided monarchy, early or later prophets)

50
Concordances
  • Solomon Mandelkern, Veteris testamenti
    concordantiae Habraicae atque Chaldaicae
  • Contains citations according to sense, proper
    placement of entries misplaced under false roots,
    corrections of grammatical confusions, and the
    addition of hapax legomena omitted in previous
    works.
  • If beginning student only uses the biblical
    references at side of each citation, study will
    be enhanced.

51
Concordances
  • Solomon Mandelkern, Veteris testamenti
    concordantiae Habraicae atque Chaldaicae
  • For more advanced student, this tool will not
    only give the accuracy that thorough research
    requires, but will also enable him to study words
    in relationship to important grammatical
    distinctions.

52
Concordances
  • Gerhard Lisowsky, Konkordanz zum hebraischen
    Alten Testament
  • Photographically reproduced from Ls handwritten
    manuscript
  • With emphasis placed on nouns and verbs, this
    work is particularly helpful to the student
    engaged in word studies.

53
Concordances
  • Edwin Hatch and Henry Redpath, Concordance to the
    Septuagint
  • Includes the Apocryphal books
  • Zealous student will wish to compare the Greek
    words used to translate their Hebrew equivalent.
  • Each Gk word in the canonical and apocryphal
    books is listed with its Hebrew counterpart in a
    corresponding numerical sequence.

54
Concordances
  • Edwin Hatch and Henry Redpath, Concordance to the
    Septuagint
  • Because the usage of a given word is crucial in
    determining its meaning(s), the inclusion of the
    Apocrypha is important.
  • Were this not the case, we would have needed
    another concordance to the non-canonical writings.

55
Concordances
  • The Englishmans Greek Concordance to the New
    Testament
  • Arranged in the same way as its OT counterpart.
  • Based on the text of AV and cites in alphabetical
    order by the Gk word the Biblical references
    together with a brief quotation.
  • Is relatively easy, therefore, to determine the
    meaning(s) assigned a word by the translators of
    the KJV.

56
Concordances
  • The Englishmans Greek Concordance to the New
    Testament
  • Included in this large work is a complete index
    of the words of the English text with the Greek
    words from which they are translated.
  • From this index the student will find, for
    example, a listing of the 27 different English
    words used to translate logos (word).

57
Concordances
  • William F. Moulton Albert S. Geden, Concordance
    to the Greek Testament
  • Is now complete with full citations including
    particles.
  • Has become one of the basic reference tools for
    students of the NT.
  • Familiarly known as Moulton and Geden.
  • Based on the text of Westcott and Hort.
  • Contains quotations of Scripture that are longer
    than in most concordances of its kind.

58
Concordances
  • William F. Moulton Albert S. Geden, Concordance
    to the Greek Testament
  • Replete with
  • grammatical hints
  • the usage of the word in the LXX and Apocrypha
  • citations in Hebrew (if the passage in question
    happens to be a quotation from the OT).

59
Concordances
  • Computer concordance to the Novum Testamentum
    Graece/Computer-Konkordanz zum Novum Testamentum
    Graece
  • Indispensable to the study of specific Greek
    words used in the NT.
  • Based on the 26th edition of the Nestle-Aland
    text and the 3rd edition of the United Bible
    Societies Greek New Testament.
  • Lists every word appearing in NT with the
    frequency of occurrence.

60
Concordances
  • Computer concordance to the Novum Testamentum
    Graece/Computer-Konkordanz zum Novum Testamentum
    Graece
  • as a general rule, words are arranged in
    accordance with their root form
  • In case of some irregular verbs, however, the
    word is also listed under the different forms.
  • Words occurring in pericope are included with an
    asterisk following each entry.
  • An appendix lists the appearance of conjunctions,
    particles, et cetera.

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64
Use of Concordances
  • One of the primary uses of a concordance is, of
    course, to help the user find in a moment the
    location of any passage, if only a leading word
    is recalled.
  • If, for example, one has forgotten where Pauls
    extensive treatment of marriage occurs, one can
    look up the word marry in a concordance.
  • A cluster of references to 1 Corinthians 7 will
    be readily apparent.
  • But to limit the concordance to this function is
    to sacrifice its magnificent interpretive
    possibilities.

65
Use of Concordances
  • SYSTEMATIZER
  • For serious Bible students a concordance of the
    original language is indispensable, but even for
    them a concordance based on a version or
    translation can be of great assistance.
  • Consider these themes The Disastrous Tree, The
    Inevitable Tree, The Tree that Lived on Borrowed
    Time, The Murder Tree, The Resurrection Tree.
  • A preacher in desperate search for a sermon
    series could do worse. These were all suggested
    by a brief glance down the RSV/NRSV concordance
    column marked tree.

66
Use of Concordances
  • LINGUISTIC CONTRIBUTION
  • For workers in the original languages, the use of
    concordances can prove to be a departure for an
    excitingly new interpreters world.
  • Shaking off the shackles of dependence on
    commentaries is akin to a revival experience. In
    a lexicon a word is like a friend in a coffin a
    concordance restores him to life.
  • Take the word parakale,w as an example.
  • The lexicon BAGD includes as primary meanings
    (a) summon, (b) appeal to, urge, exhort,
    encourage, (c) request, appeal to, entreat,
    implore, (d) comfort, encourage, cheer up.

67
Use of Concordances
  • LINGUISTIC CONTRIBUTION
  • The editors refer 2 Cor. 14b to the passages
    under d.
  • This passage speaks of God, who comforts us in
    all our affliction.
  • But it is the concordance that loads this word in
    its context with real meaning.
  • There is more here than a cosmic handholding.
  • We see from a comparison with other passages that
    the word is used primarily of the will not the
    emotions and that the alleged lexical
    meanings are in fact glosses on the word.

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Use of Concordances
  • LINGUISTIC CONTRIBUTION
  • There are not really four different meanings to
    the word.
  • The lexicographer considers the way a word is
    used and takes snapshots from various angles.
  • A concordance helps one do what the lexicographer
    does but permits its user to look anew at the
    evidence.

70
Use of Concordances
  • GRAMMATICAL USE
  • Concordances are useful for unveiling the nuances
    of grammatical constructions.
  • A simple case in point is the mh. klai/e of Luke
    713, where the NRSV renders, Do not weep.
  • A glance in Moulton-Geden leads the eye to a
    similar prohibition in Luke 852.
  • There it is quite evident that the prohibition is
    aimed at an act in progress, and that more
    accurately it should be rendered, Stop your
    weeping.

71
Use of Concordances
  • GRAMMATICAL USE
  • In 713, then, Lukes Jesus is undoubtedly saying
    to the woman, Dry up your tears now.
  • He calls her to an exercise of her faith. It is
    as though he consoles her There is really no
    need for tears, for I am here

72
Use of Concordances
  • THEMATIC AND TOPICAL CONTRIBUTION
  • Look up the word VIsrah,l.
  • A glance in Moulton-Geden shows that the
    concentration lies in Matthew, Luke, Acts,
    Romans.
  • The reader has learned to expect this in Matthew
    and Paul, but Luke-Acts comes as a surprise in
    view of its apparent interest in Gentiles.
  • Indeed, the concordance reveals that the
    references to Israel in Luke-Acts outnumber those
    in Matthew and Romans taken together.
  • For an understanding of the purpose and objective
    of the two-volume work this discovery is of
    compelling significance, and it reverberates with
    theological overtones.

73
Case Study
  • The preceding examples illustrate a few of the
    many possible advantages accruing to diligent
    users of concordances. But it has been our
    experience that beginners in a more serious type
    of Bible study, when it comes to working on their
    own, are as bewildered as high school freshmen on
    their first theme. Where do I start? What do I
    look for? There is no rule of thumb one can
    follow, but an illustration of how one might
    proceed may be useful. Suppose my text is Luke
    1619-31. There are no special problem words. All
    appear quite simple. The story revolves, though,
    around a rich man and a poor man. Here I begin
    the probe. I note that this Gospel suggests a
    revolutionary approach to the matter of poverty
    and riches. Therefore, the word ptwco,j would
    seem to merit further investigation. I take down
    Moulton-Geden. Under ptwco,j l find Luke 418
    620 722 and others. It is the poor who are
    the chosen recipients of the messianic benefits.
    But why? I go to Hatch and Redpath. There are
    more than one hundred references. I cannot
    possibly look at all of them. But the heaviest
    concentration is in the Psalms. A study of these
    passages reveals that the poor are the people
    in Israel who depend on the Lord. They are the
    ones who look to God for salvation (see Ps. 706
    696 Rahlfs).

74
  • The rich man, by contrast, is representative of
    Israels self-sufficient element. This thought in
    turn suggests that I look up the simple word
    path,r, which appears three times in this
    pericope. I know that it will be impossible to
    consider all the passages in which such a common
    word occurs. Therefore I stay with Luke and let
    my eye wander down the list of passages in
    Moulton-Geden. No bells ring until I reach Luke
    38. This reference is especially resonant
    because VAbraa,m is mentioned. I could find no
    better commentary than this. !t is the rich mans
    purely formal religious association that has cost
    him his soul and the fellowship of God. It is
    equally evident that the point of the story is
    not a plea for slum clearance. Following these
    leads! concentrate on such important terms as
    evlee,w (1624) and metanoe,w.

75
  • But how can I possibly look up every word if, as
    you suggest, even a common word like path,r may
    be richly significant. There is no need to make a
    panicky dash to the bookshelf marked theological
    tranquilizers (i.e., Best Sermon Helps of the
    Year). This is like tackling troubles. Tussle
    with one at a time. Move out of strength, not
    weakness. The first time around on a particular
    text, work on two or three words. File the data
    in your computer under some such rubric as
    Searches, Concordance. The next time you meet
    the text brood over it a little more, and check
    on a few other possibilities. Detectives
    sometimes sift 100 false leads. But number 101
    may nail the crook. The nuggets no longer lie on
    the surface of the biblical text. It takes a deal
    of panning to get a single grain. But what a
    thrill when the discovery is made! And it makes
    no difference if later on you find it buried in
    an old commentary. Have no regrets over what
    appears wasted effort. There comes from study
    such as this a conviction wrought by the impact
    of truth, a feeling of intellectual ownership
    that only personal contact can give.

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  • In hope that this study may prove to be
    stimulating especially to seminarians beginning
    their exegetical studies, the following summary
    and supplementary exhortations (recall the word
    parakale,w are submitted
  • When preparing the exegesis of a particular
    passage, begin your use of the concordance with
    the less-common words. Then think in terms of
    possible thematic or theological implications,
    always remembering, of course, that it is the
    writers thought, not some later theologians
    idea that you are endeavoring to discover and
    understand. Try to establish associations with
    what you have previously extracted and learned
    from Scripture. This procedure will alert you to
    the significant in the insignificant. Look up the
    word in the author you are working with. Branch
    out into other authors, beginning with those that
    have the fewest references. Pass up those
    passages that evidently have little or nothing to
    contribute to clarity. Despite Jeromes warning,
    you must run some hazards.

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  • 3. Proceed to check the word in Hatch and
    Redpath. Find either the heaviest or the lightest
    area of concentration, and begin there. If you
    still have time and find that the Septuagint
    renders several Hebrew words with one Greek word,
    give yourself a real treat and follow the same
    process in Mandelkern.
  • 4. Keep in mind that the New Testament relies
    heavily on Psalms, Isaiah, and Jeremiah. Key
    concepts can usually be traced to these
    particular Old Testament writings. Wade directly
    into these sections if the listings are heavy
    elsewhere.
  • 5. Note cognates and track them down. Learn to
    know the whole word family. Again, dont let the
    staggering possibilities keep you from doing
    something. Even God used up a week to make the
    world. Try one word-family at a time. Work on
    another the next time you treat the text.
  • (Danker, 19-21)
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