Chapter Five

1
Chapter Five

• First Two Years
• Biosocial Development

2
Physical Growth and Health

• Size and Shape
• Most notable time for physical changes
• In each of the first twelve months they grow an
  inch
• Birth weight is usually tripled
• Body proportions change
• Head 1/4 length at birth
• Head - 1/8 length at one year

3
Preventive Medicine

• Immunizations (world wide)
• SIDS
• Eliminate second-hand smoke
• Lay baby on back to sleep
• Prolong breastfeeding
• Remove soft bedding

4
Brain Growth and Development

• Newborns skull disproportionately large
• Neurons long thin nerve cells that make up
  nervous system
• Axons Nerve fibers that extend from neurons
  that send impulses
• Dendrites Nerve fibers extending from neurons
  that receive impulses

5

• Cortex undergoes changes? perception and thinking
• growth in communication network (dendrites and
  axons)
• Each neuron has a single axon (nerve fiber) that
  extends from it and meets the dendrites of other
  neurons at intersections called synapses
• Neurons communicate by sending electrical
  impulses through axon to dendrites of other
  neurons

6

• These dont actually touch at synapses, but
  instead electrical impulses trigger brain
  chemicals (neurotransmitters) to carry
  information from impulse from axon of sending
  neuron over synaptic gap to dendrites of another
  neuron

7

• There is a fivefold increase in the density of
  dendrites in cortex from birth to age 2 years
• This phenomenal growth is referred to as
  transient exuberance . Exuberance refers to the
  sheer magnitude of growth, transient tells us
  that this is temporary and growth will slowit
  also refers to the fact that the connections must
  be used to remain connected (use-it-or-lose-it
  theory).

8
(No Transcript)
9

• Neurons, axons and dendrites are coated with
  myelin (fatty substance) that helps transmit
  neural impulses faster and allows increasing
  control over motor functions and sensory ability
  (Myelination process of coating that speeds
  communication and allows children to gain control
  over sensory and motor abilities)

10
(No Transcript)
11
Brain Growth and Brain Function

• Different areas of the brain mature at different
  times and different rates ? affect childs
  ability and behavior
• Frontal lobe ? self-control and self-regulation ?
  cognitive skills requiring deliberation and
  emotional self-control
• Primary motor cortex ? ability to mature in motor
  control

12

• Somasensory cortex ? sensory abilities

13
(No Transcript)
14
The Role Of Experience in Brain Development

• Brain becomes fine tuned through experience
• minimal level of stimulation needed for senses to
  develop neural connections
• Visual cortex ? visual abilities ? must have
  sufficient visual experience and a lighted
  environment to mature (acquiring binocular
  vision) (cats eye view)

15

• Abnormalities occur when a deprivation of basic
  experiences prevent development of neural
  pathways
• Benefits from stimulation
• Cognitive or social deprivation have far reaching
  consequences

16
Motor Skills

• Reflexes present
• Babinski, moro, rooting, stepping, sucking,
  swimming, grasping
• Important but not necessary for survival
• Reflexes for survival are categorized
• maintain oxygen supply (breathing)
• maintain body temperature (crying, kicking)
• manage feeding (rooting and sucking)

17
Gross Motor Skills

• Involve large muscles
• Cephlocaudal development

18
Fine Motor Skills

• Finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
• Proximal development
• Successful Grabbing
• Fingering and Holding

19
Variations in Ethnic Differences in Timing Skills

• Norms
• Inherited factors
• Activity levels
• Rate of physical maturation
• Body type

20

• Ethnic difference in cultural patterns of infant
  care
• Inherited and environmental factors work together
  to influence

21
(No Transcript)
22
Sensory and Perceptual Capacities

• Sensation sensory system detects a stimulus
• Perception brain tries to make sense of
  stimulus
• Habituation process of becoming familiar with
  stimulus, lessened response

23

• Vision ? newborn 20/200-20/600 ? 6 months 20/100
• depth perception occurs by age 6 months
• visual changes allow stimulation ? improves brain
  development
• Hearing ? begins prenatally ? sound must be
  louder to hear
• Loud noises startle
• Rhythmic noises calm
• Differentiate speech sounds by 1 month

24

• Early Hearing Loss
• Otitis Media
• infection common in infancy
• not always easy to detect
• not always fully treated
• repeated or long term episodes can can hearing
  loss

25

• Taste ? Prenatal sensitivity, preference for
  sweet, sensitive to sour
• Touch ? infants respond and can feel pain
• Smell ? can distinguish between odors and have
  preferences

26
Nutrition

• Baby needs 50 cal/day per lb. twice adult
  requirement
• The Ideal Diet - breast milk
• Breast milk
• easily digestible
• has antibodies and antibacterial properties
• better for babys health
• encourages bonding
• Bottle feeding ?more likely to have allergies

27

• Nutritional Problems
• More likely in developing countries ? 7
  malnourished
• Protein-calorie malnutrition
• First year this can cause marasmus - growth stops
  and body tissue wastes away
• death results
• In toddlerhood it causes kwashiorkor, swelling
  and bloating
• vulnerable to other diseases

28

• Survival rates of breast vs. bottle
• Undernutrition ? factors include social/family
  problems and lack of parental knowledge of
  nutrition
• Milk anemia
• Too much juice

29

• Long-Term Effects
• Affect brain development
• Can stunt intellectual growth
• Can indirectly impair neurological networks
• Those affected less interested in events that are
• Sensory
• Intellectual
• Social

30

• Good caregiving can ameliorate problems
• Toddler or young children can overcome deficits
  with
• adequate food and nutrition
• cognitive stimulation
• social support