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The%20Primates

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e. Colobus (OW arboreal monkey) f. Gibbon (OW lesser ape) g. ... Flexible shoulder joints, Vertical Positioning of Trunk. Hands and feet with five digits ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The%20Primates


1
The Primates
2
Key Questions
  • Where do humans fit in the world of living
    things?
  • What are the characteristics of primates?
  • How are humans like the other primates? How are
    we unique?

3
Taxonomy
  • A classification system based on similarities and
    differences
  • Phenetic Taxonomy Following Linnaeus, based on
    existing phenotypic features and adaptive
    behaviors
  • Cladistics Classification system based on order
    of evolutionary branching

4
Taxonomy of Humans Chimps
Human Chimpanzee
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Primates Primates
Family Hominidae Pongidae
Genus Homo Pan
Species Sapiens Troglodytes
5
Class Mammalia
  • Today, 19 Orders over 4000 Species!
  • 3 major subgroups
  • 1. Egg-laying (duck-billed platypus)
  • 2. Pouched (kangaroo, opossum)
  • 3. Placental
  • Exs. of Placental Orders other than Primates
  • Rodents (rats, squirrels, beavers)
  • Carnivores (bears, dogs, cats)
  • Insectivores (shrews, moles)
  • Grazing-browsing (cows, hippos, deer, horses,
    sheep, goats)

6
Characteristics of Placental Mammals
  • 1. Body hair
  • 2. Relatively long gestation period followed by
    live birth
  • 3. Ability to maintain constant internal body
    temperature warm-blooded

7
Characteristics of Placental Mammals (cont.)
  • 4. Increased brain size
  • 5. Mammary glands origin of the term Mammal
  • 6. Different types of teeth incisors,
    canines, premolars, molars
  • 7. Considerable capacity for learning and
    behavioral flexibility

8
Primate Taxonomy
  • PRIMATES (order)
  • PROSIMIANS ANTHROPOIDEA (suborder)
  • Platyrrhini Catarrhini
  • (flat nose) (downward nose)
  • Cercopithecoidea HOMINOIDEA
  • Lesser Apes Great Apes
    HOMINIDAE
  • (family)
  • Prosimians New World Old World Gibbons
    Orangutan HUMAN
  • Monkeys Monkeys Siamangs Gorilla
    (species)
  • Chimpanzee
  • Bonobo

9
Prosimians
  • a. Fat-tailed galago (mainland Africa)
  • b. Ruffed lemur (Madagascar)
  • c. Sifaka (Madagascar)
  • d. Ring-tailed lemur (Madagascar)
  • e. Mouse lemur (Madagascar)
  • f. Slow loris (South Asia)
  • g. Aye-aye (Islands off Madagascar)

10
Anthropoids
  • a. Spider monkey (NW monkey)
  • b. Saki monkey (NW monkey)
  • c. Drill (OW terrestrial monkey)
  • d. Tamarin (NW marmoset)
  • e. Colobus (OW arboreal monkey)
  • f. Gibbon (OW lesser ape)
  • g. Gorilla (OW great ape)

11
Primate CharacteristicsHands Feet
  • Enhancement of free mobility of the digits,
    especially of the thumb (opposability) and big
    toe
  • Both used for grasping Prehensile
  • Replacement of sharp, compressed claws by flat
    nails development of very sensitive tactile pads
    on the digits

12
Gripping Tool Use
13
Prehensile Tail
14
Primate CharacteristicsBrain size Smell
Progressive shortening of the snout and
reduction in the sense of smell Progressive
expansion and elaboration of the brain,
especially of the cerebral cortex
15
Primate CharacteristicsVision
  • Elaboration of the visual apparatus
  • Development of Stereoscopic Vision (3-D)
  • Bony sockets enclose eye nerves and muscles

16
Primate Characteristics Dentition
  • Retention of all tooth types
  • Old World Anthropoid Dental Formula
  • 2.1.2.3 x 232
  • 2.1.2.3

17
Primate Characteristics Extended Gestation
Maturation
  • 1. Primates are born at earlier stages of
    development than many other animals
  • 2. Prolongation of postnatal life periods
  • 3. Humans are born at a particularly early stage
    because of their larger brain if born later, the
    babys head would be too large for the mothers
    pelvis

18
Primate CharacteristicsBody Stance
  • Progressive development of upright body stance
    leading to bipedalism

19
Primate Characteristics Summary
  • Large brains
  • 3-D vision, Reduced Sense of Smell
  • Flexible shoulder joints, Vertical Positioning of
    Trunk
  • Hands and feet with five digits
  • Grasping thumb

20
Primate Characteristics Summary (cont.)
  • Flat fingernails instead of claws
  • Generalized dentition
  • Extended Gestation and Maturation
  • Strong Maternal-Offspring Bond
  • High Degree of Socialization

21
Primate Species
  • 166 species currently identified
  • Most are tree dwellers
  • Most are herbivores (eat fruit or leaves)
  • Some are omnivores (eat anything)

22
Primate Distribution
23
Primate Classification
Primates are divided into two main Suborders 1.
Prosimians Lemurs, Lorises,Tarsiers 2.
Anthropoids NW OW Monkeys, Apes, Humans
24
Primate Taxonomy
PRIMATES (order) PROSIMIANS ANTHROPOIDEA
(suborder) Platyrrhini Catarrhini (flat
nose) (downward nose) Cercopithecoidea HOMINO
IDEA Lesser Apes
Great Apes HOMINIDAE
(family) Prosimians New World Old World Gibbons
Orangutan HUMAN Monkeys
Monkeys Siamangs Gorilla
(species) Chimpanzee
Bonobo
25
Lemurs, Tarsiers, Aye-Ayes, Lori
26
Lemurs
27
Ringtail Lemurs
28
Lori
29
Aye-Aye
30
Aye-Aye
  • The aye-aye shown here lives on the island of
    Madagascar. It is a very specialized
    insect-eater.
  • Large eyes good climbing abilities. The
    aye-aye, and most other prosimians, differ from
    monkeys and apes in having a moist area of skin
    on the nose.

31
Tarsier
32
Tarsier
  • Large eyes, active at night
  • Like most of the prosimians, good grasping
    ability nails
  • Nails on all fingers and most toes, but there are
    specialized claws on the feet used for grooming
    called "toilet claws"

33
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34
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35
Tarsier
36
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37
Platyrrhine Monkeys
  • Platyrrhines
  • Flat noses
  • Nostrils point sideways
  • Many have prehensile tails
  • Live in South and Central America

38
Platyrrhine Noses
39
Platyrrhine Monkeys Red-Howler Spider Monkeys
40
Platyrrhine Monkeys Capuchin Monkey
41
Platyrrhine Monkeys Tamarins
42
Catarrhine Monkeys
  • Downward-pointing nostrils
  • Evolved and found in Africa and Asia

43
Catarrhine Nose
44
Catarrhines
  • Divided into two Superfamilies
  • Old World Monkeys
  • Hominoids
  • Lack tails, have larger skulls, walk partially
    upright
  • Include Gibbons, Gorillas, Orangutans, Humans,
    Chimpanzees

45
Catarrhine Monkeys Mandrill and Diana
46
Terrestrial Old World Monkeys Baboon
47
Hominoid Taxonomy
48
Range of Hominoids
49
Lesser Ape Gibbon
50
Great Ape Orangutan
51
Great Ape Gorilla
52
Gorillas Knuckle Walking
53
Great Ape Chimpanzee
54
Dettwyler, Chs. 9 10
  • In the United States or in your culture, why are
    some activities designated as feminine and
    others masculine? Cross-culturally, are there
    some activities that are always performed by
    women? By men? Do you think this gendered
    division of labor is based on biological
    differences or on cultural belief systems, or
    both? Give an example.
  • Why would the death of a mother in child birth be
    so much more disruptive to a family than the
    death of an infant of young child? If you had to
    set priorities for spending money on improving
    health care in Dogo, would you put maternal or
    infant health care first? Why?
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