Chapter 3 Study Questions

1
Chapter 3 Study Questions

• Why is globalization significant for
  organizational behavior?
• What is culture and how can we understand
  cultural differences?
• How does cultural diversity affect people at work?

2
Study Question 1 Why is globalization
significant for organizational behavior?

• What is Globalization?

3
Study Question 1 Why is globalization
significant for organizational behavior?

• What are the Forces of globalization?

4
Study Question 1 Why is globalization
significant for organizational behavior?

• Globalization is contributing to the emergence
  of regional economic alliances.
• Examples
• European Union (EU).
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
• Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Forum (APEC).

5
Study Question 1 Why is globalization
significant for organizational behavior?

• What is Outsourcing?
• Definition
• What is Off shoring?
• Definition
• What is Job migration?
• Definition

6
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• What is culture?
• Definition
• Values and national culture.
• The most widely used research for understanding
  differences among national cultures was done by a
  Dutch organizational anthropologist named Geert
  Hofstede.

7
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• He surveyed 160,000 managers and employees of IBM
  in 60 countries about their work-related values.
• He found that managers and employees vary on five
  dimensions of national culture.
• Hofstedes five dimensions of national culture
• Power distance.
• Uncertainty avoidance.
• Individualism-collectivism.
• Masculinity-femininity.
• Long-term/short-term orientation.

8
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• Power distance.
• The willingness of a culture to accept status and
  power differences among members.
• Use of titles and formality, by passing authority
  is seldom seen.
• Managers and employees see each other as
  different.
• Example of a high power distance culture
  Indonesia.
• Example of a low power distance culture Sweden.

9
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• Uncertainty avoidance.
• Is the extend to which a culture feels threatened
  or discomfort with uncertainty, ambiguous
  situations and risk and tries to avoid them.
• Preference for structured versus unstructured
  organizational situations.
• Example of a high uncertainty avoidance culture
  France.
• Example of a low uncertainty avoidance culture
  Norway, Australia

10
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• Individualism-collectivism.
• Is the degree to which people in a country prefer
  to act as individuals rather than as members of
  groups.
• Example of an individualistic culture United
  States, Great Britain, Canada
• In a collectivist culture
• The emphasis is on the group and harmony of the
  group.
• Group decision making is the norm.
• Example of a collectivist culture is Japan,
  Mexico

11
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• Masculinity-femininity.
• The tendency of a culture to value stereotypical
  masculine or feminine traits.
• Emphasizes competition/assertiveness versus
  interpersonal sensitivity/relationships.
• Example of a masculine culture Japan.
• Example of a feminine culture Thailand.

12
Study Question 2 What is culture and how can we
understand cultural differences?

• Long-term/short-term orientation.
• The tendency of a culture to emphasize
  future-oriented values versus present-oriented
  values.
• Adoption of long-term or short-term performance
  horizons.
• Example of a long-term orientation culture
  South Korea, Japan, China
• Example of a short-term orientation culture
  United States.

13
Study Question 3 How does cultural diversity
affect people at work?

• Multinational corporation (MNC).
• Definition

14
Study Question 3 How does cultural diversity
affect people at work?

• Multicultural workforces and expatriates.
• Expatriates-Who are they?

15
Study Question 3 How does cultural diversity
affect people at work?
16
Study Question 3 How does cultural diversity
affect people at work?

• Ethical behavior across cultures.
• Ethical challenges result from
• Cultural diversity.
• Variations in governments and legal systems.
• Prominent current issues.
• Corruption and bribery.
• Poor working conditions.
• Child and prison labor.
• Business support of repressive governments.
• Sweatshops.

17
Study Question 3 How does cultural diversity
affect people at work?

• Are management theories universal?
• Answer is?