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Combinatorial Optimization for Text Layout

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Title: Combinatorial Optimization for Text Layout


1
Combinatorial Optimization for Text Layout
  • Richard Anderson
  • University of Washington

Microsoft Research, Beijing, September 6,
2000 http//www.cs.washington.edu/homes/anderson/
msrcn.ppt
2
Biography
  • Background
  • Education
  • PhD Stanford (1985), Post Doc MSRI, Berkeley
  • Experience
  • University of Washington, since 1986. Associate
    Chair for outreach. Visiting prof. IISc,
    Bangalore, 1993-1994
  • Professional Interests
  • Algorithms
  • Parallel algorithms, N-Body Simulation, Model
    Checking for Software, Text Layout
  • Distance Learning
  • Tutored Video Instruction, Professional Masters
    Program

3
Optimization for Text Layout
  • Express text placement as a geometric
    optimization problem.
  • Why???
  • Generate best layouts
  • Body of algorithmic research to build on, as well
    as high performance hardware
  • Problem specification and formalization
  • Flexibility via parameterization

4
TeX Knuth
  • Typography as optimization
  • Optimal paragraphing via dynamic programming
    algorithm
  • Flexibility
  • Tradeoff between uneven lines and hyphenation
    frequency
  • Penalty weighted sum of whitespace and
    hyphenation penalties

5
Outline
  • Survey of problems studied
  • 1) Generating all paragraphs of text
  • 2) Picture layout with anchors to text
  • 3) Optimal table layout
  • 4) Customized content compression

6
Paragraphing problem
  • Given geometric constraints, find line breaks
  • Fixed width, find minimum height
  • Greedy Algorithm
  • Fixed height, find minimum width
  • Only need to consider n2 widths O(n3) algorithm.
  • Most practical approach binary search on width.
    O(nlog W) algorithm
  • Theoretical O(n) algorithm

7
All minimal paragraph sizes
  • Find minimum width paragraph for a given height.
  • Solve for each height best known O(n3/2)

Malfoy couldnt believe his eyes when he saw that
Harry and Ron were still at Hogwarts the next
day, looking tired but perfectly cheerful.
Malfoy couldnt believe his eyes when he saw that
Harry and Ron were still at Hogwarts the next
day, looking tired but perfectly cheerful.
Malfoy couldnt believe his eyes when he saw that
Harry and Ron were still at Hogwarts the next
day, looking tired but perfectly cheerful.
8
All minimal paragraph sizes
  • Motivation
  • Placement of floating text
  • Formatting tables with text entries
  • Basic approach
  • Break into segments of roughly n1/2 words each
  • Compute possibilities for these, and then combine
  • Much work still to do on this problem

9
Placement of text and pictures
  • Given text with embedded pictures and tables
  • Place pictures close to their references
    (anchors)
  • This is a major headache when using LaTeX!
  • Futher complications
  • Multi-column layouts
  • Partial column width pictures
  • Typographic considerations for text and headings
  • Other graphical layout considerations

10
Placement of text and pictures
  • Given text and pictures, where each picture has a
    location in the text, find a layout which
    minimizes the sum of the text-anchor distances
  • Single page and multi page problems
  • Horizontal placement of pictures fixed wrt column
    boundaries
  • May require that picture order is consistent with
    text order

11

12
Results
  • 2-d bin packing problem do the pictures fit on
    the page.
  • May not be the problem of interest simper cases
    pictures fit in columns, align with text rows,
    fixed horizontal position in columns.
  • Easy for one column.
  • NP-complete for three or more columns.
  • NP-complete even if picture area is very small.

13
Fixed horizontal bin packing
  • Two-d bin packing, except that rectangles have
    fixed horizontal positions
  • Motivated by picture placement
  • Best known result 3-approximation algorithm
  • Problem arises in memory allocation

14
Practical results
  • The number of pictures and columns is small.
    (columns lt 5, pictures lt 10).
  • Enumeration works well for pictures lt 3.
  • Branch and bound works well for pictures lt6.
  • Heuristics BB work well for given range.
  • Prototypes developed, including typography and
    aesthetic considerations.
  • Very interesting layouts generated

15
Tables
  • General Problem
  • Given a set of configurations for each cell, find
    the maximum value table that satisfies size
    constraints
  • Special Cases
  • Layout Problem
  • No values, minimize table height for fixed width
  • Compression Problem
  • Configurations for a cell satisfy nesting
    property
  • Value decreases with size

16
Layout Problem (with S. Sobti)
Divination. Sybill Trelawney Defense against
dark arts. R. J. Lupin
Potions. Severus Snape Care of magical
creatures. Rubeus Hagrid
Divination. Sybill Trelawney Defense against
dark arts. R. J. Lupin
Potions. Severus Snape Care of magical
creatures. Rubeus Hagrid
  • NP complete
  • Restricted instances (1,2), (2,1), (1,1)

17
Layout Problem results
  • Fixed W, minimize H, NP complete
  • Minimize aWbH solvable with mincut algorithm
  • Compute convex hull of feasible table
    configurations
  • Heuristic algorithm

18
Table compression problem
  • Display a table in less than the required area,
    with a penalty for shrinking cells

Divination. Sybill Trelawney Defense against
dark arts. R. J. Lupin
Potions. Severus Snape Care of magical
creatures. Rubeus Hagrid
Divin. Sybill T. Defense against dark arts.
Lupin
Potions. Severus Snape Care of magical
creatures. Hagrid
Divin. Sybill T. Def. dark arts. Lupin
Potions. Severus Snape Care of magical
critters. Hagrid
Divin. Sybill T. Def. dark arts. Lupin
Potions. S. Snape Care of creatures. Hagrid
Divin. Sybill T. Dark arts. Lupin
Potions. S. Snape Critr care. Hagrid
Div D. arts. Lupin
Pot Critters.Hagrid
19
Compression Problem
  • NP complete for simple case
  • Choice cells 1 x 1 (value 1), 0 x 0 (value 0)
  • Dummy cells 0 x 0 (value 0)
  • Maximize number of full size choice cells in when
    table n x n table compressed to n/2 x n/2.
  • Reduction from clique problem
  • Incidence matrix reduction

20
Attacking the 0-1 problem
Equivalent problem maximum density
(n/2,n/2)-subgraph of a (n,n)-bipartite graph
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Choose n/2 vertices from each side to maximize
the number of edges between chosen vertices
21
Greedy Algorithm
  • Find MDS of G(X,Y,E)
  • Choose X, the set of n/2 vertices of highest
    degree w.r.t. Y
  • Choose Y, the set of n/2 vertices of highest
    degree w.r.t. X
  • Claim
  • (X,Y) is a 1/2 approximation of the MDS
  • Proof
  • (X,Y) has at least as many edges as the MDS.
    (X,Y) has at least half as many edges as (X,Y)

22
Greedy Algorithms
  • Non-bipartite graphs
  • Add vertices of maximum degree starting with
    empty graph
  • Remove vertices of minimum degree, starting with
    full graph
  • 4/9 approximation algorithm (Asahiro et al.)
  • Open problem generalize and analyze greedy
    algorithms for tables

23
Semidefinite programming
  • Maxcut problem divide vertices of a graph into
    two sets to maximize number of edges between the
    sets.
  • Goemans-Williamson SDP result
  • Improved approximation bound from 0.5 to 0.878
  • Introduced new technique to the field
  • Idea - solve the problem on an n-dimensional
    sphere, use a random projection to divide
    vertices.
  • MDS problem can also be attacked with SDP.
  • Technical problems with bipartiteness and equal
    division
  • lead to a weak result.

24
Research directions
  • Can semidefinite programming beat the greedy
    algorithm on the 0-1 problem?
  • Develop greedy algorithms for the general case.
  • Linear programming fractional solution to table
    problems has a natural interpretation.
  • Results on rounding?
  • Combinatorial algorithms for the fractional
    problem.
  • Develop/analyze fast heuristic algorithms

25
Content Choice
  • If information does not fit, allow substitutions

The Dark Forces A Guide to Self-Protection,
Quenton Trimble, Hogwarts Academic Press,
Hogsmeade, 1999, 2nd Edition, 238 pages, Albus
Dumbledore editor.
The Dark Forces A Guide to Self-Protection,
Quenton Trimble, Hogwarts Ac. Press, Hogsmeade,
1999, 2nd Ed., 238 pp, Albus Dumbledore ed.
The Dark Forces A Guide to Self-Protection,
Quenton Trimble, Hogwarts Ac. Press, Hogsmeade,
1999, 2nd Edition, 238 pages
The Dark Forces A Guide to Self-Protection,
Quenton Trimble, Hogwarts, Hogsmeade, 1999, 2nd
Ed., 238 pp.
26
The Dark Forces A Guide to Self-Protection, Q.
Trimble, HAP, Hogs., 99, 2nd, 238 pp.
Dark Forces, Q. Trimble, HAP, 99, 2nd.
The Dark Forces Self-Protection, Q. Trimble,
HAP, 1999, 2nd, 238 pp.
Dark Forces, Q. Trimble, HAP, 1999.
The Dark Forces, Q. Trimble, HAP, Hogs., 1999,
2nd, 238 pp.
Dk. Forces, Q. Trimble, HAP, 1999.
The Dark Forces Q. Trimble, HAP, 99, 2nd, 238 pp.
Dark Forces, Trimble.
27
Source representation
lttextgt ltchoicegt ltfragment val90gt The Dark
Forces A Guide to Self-Protection
lt/fragmentgt ltfragment val50gt The Dark
Forces Self-Protection lt/fragmentgt ltfragment
val30gt The Dark Forceslt/fragmentgt ltfragment
val20gt Dark Forceslt/fragmentgt ltfragment
val10gt Dk. Forceslt/fragmentgt lt/choicegt
ltchoicegt ltfragment val30gt Hogwarts Academic
Press lt/fragmentgt ltfragment val20gt Hogwarts
Ac. Press lt/fragmentgt ltfragment val15gt
Hogwarts lt/fragmentgt ltfragment val10gt HAP
lt/fragmentgt ltfragment val0gt lt/fragmentgt
lt/choicegt . . . lt/textgt
28
Typography with content choice
  • Problem 1
  • Given a fixed area for the text, find the optimal
    choice of content
  • Problem 2
  • Find the set of all maximal configurations
  • Problem 3
  • Find a good approximation to the set of all
    maximal configurations

29
Content Choice
  • Algorithmic choice rectangles with values.
    Place one rectangle from each set to maximize
    value.

40
40
15
25
20
30
Warm up problem Lists
  • Optimally display the list for a fixed height
  • Set of configurations for each list item.
    (height, value)
  • Solvable with knapsack dynamic programming
    algorithm

31
List compression
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban J. K.
Rowling / Hardcover / Published 1999 Our Price
9.98 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone J.
K. Rowling / Hardcover / Published 1998 Our
Price 8.98 Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets J. K. Rowling / Hardcover / Published
1999 Our Price 8.98
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Usually ships in 24 hours J. K. Rowling /
Hardcover / Published 1999 Our Price 9.98
You Save 9.97 (50) Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer's Stone Usually ships in 24 hours J.
K. Rowling / Hardcover / Published 1998 Our
Price 8.98 You Save 8.97 (50) Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secrets J. K. Rowling /
Hardcover / Published 1999 Our Price 8.98
You Save 8.97 (50)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban J. K.
Rowling / HC / Publ 1999 Our Price 9.98 Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone J. K. Rowling /
HC / 1998 8.98 Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secrets J. K. Rowling / HC / 1999 8.98
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban J. K.
Rowling 9.98 Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's
Stone Rowling HP Chamber of Secrets
32
Implementation goal
  • Real time resizing of lists
  • Maintain optimal display as window size changes.
  • Recompute at refresh rate
  • Knapsack/dynamic programming algorithm
  • http//www.cs.washington.edu/homes/anderson/demo2/
    Page1.htm

33
Customization
  • Choice-content generation
  • Generate choices for fields
  • Automatic abbreviations
  • Dictionary lookup
  • Assign weights
  • Based on compression and component
  • Based on user profile

34
Browsing applications
  • Browsing book lists
  • User sets degree of compression
  • Issues query
  • Source gives default weights
  • Value of field
  • Strength of match
  • Value of item
  • Weights modified based on user profile
  • Optimal list display done for given compression
    factor

35
Display of 2-d time tables
  • Show most likely routes and times at highest
    precision
  • Based on user profile and travel data
  • Memory of user interactions (expanding items)

36
Summary
  • Graphical layout as geometric optimization
  • Theoretical background
  • Basic algorithms for rectangle placement
  • Algorithm implementation
  • Performance requirements are significant
  • Application
  • Do these techniques work for universal,
    customized display?
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