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Section 1-3
The Industrial Revolution
Preview Questions

• What technological changes led to the development
  of industrialization? ?

• What was the social impact of the Industrial
  Revolution in Europe, especially on women and
  children?

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Section 1-7
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain
  in the 1780s for several reasons.

• Improved farming methods increased the food
  supply, so food prices decreased gave families
  more money for manufactured goods.
• more food supply supported a growing population.
• Britain had a ready supply of capital (money to
  invest) for industrial machines and factories.
• Entrepreneurs were looking for ways to invest and
  make profits.
• Britain had abundant natural resources and a
  supply of markets, in part because of its
  colonial empire.

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-9
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
(cont.)

• 18th cent. Great Britain surged ahead in the
  production of cotton goods.

• The two-step process of spinning and weaving had
  been done by individuals in their homes, a
  production method called cottage industry.
• A series of inventionsthe flying shuttle, the
  spinning jenny, and the water-powered loom
  invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1787made both
  weaving and spinning faster.
• It was now efficient to bring workers to the new
  machines in factories.
• Cottage industry no longer was efficient.

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-11
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
(cont.)

• 1782 - Scottish engineer James Watt improved the
  steam engine in so it could drive machinery.

• Steam power was used to spin and weave cotton.
• Steam-powered cotton mills proliferated
  throughout Britain.
• The steam engines used coal.
• Mills no longer had to be located near water.
• By 1840 cotton cloth was Britains most valuable
  product.

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-13
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
(cont.)

• The steam engines reliance on coal led to an
  increase in the coal industry.

• The coal supply seemed unlimited.
• Coal also transformed the iron industry.
• Using the process developed by Henry Cort called
  puddling, industry produced a better quality of
  iron.
• In 1740 Britain produced 17,000 tons of iron.
• By 1852 Britain was producing almost 3 million
  tons of iron annually.

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-15
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
(cont.)

• Railroads were crucial to the Industrial
  Revolution.

• The first railroads were slow, but they developed
  rapidly.
• 1830 - The Rocket was used on the first public
  railway line
• The Rocket pulled a 40-ton train at 16 mph.
• By 1850, trains were going 50 mph, Great
  Britain had more than 6,000 miles of track.
• The less expensive transportation lowered the
  price of goods and made for larger markets.
• Lower cost meant higher demand the market
  continued to grow

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-18
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
(cont.)

• The factory was another important aspect of the
  IR, because it created a new kind of labor system.

• To keep the machines going constantly, workers
  had to work in shifts.
• Factory owners trained the rural laborers to work
  the same hours each day and to do repetitive
  work.
• Many of the new factory workers were women and
  girls, who made up a substantial majority of the
  workers in textile factories.
• Factory owners sometimes had whole families work
  for them.

(pages 363365)
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Section 1-20
The Spread of Industrialization

• Britain became the worlds greatest industrial
  nation.

• It produced 50 of the worlds cotton goods and
  coal.
• The IR spread to other parts of the world at
  different speeds.
• Belgium, France, and Germany were the first to
  industrialize.
• Eventually, The Industrial Revolution hit the
  United States.
• 1800 - 6 out of 7 American workers were farmers.
• 1860 - it was only 1 out of every 2.

(page 366)
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Section 1-21
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)

• Over this period, the population grew from about
  5 to 30 million people, and a number of large
  cities developed.

• The United States needed a transportation system
  miles of roads and canals were built.
• Robert Fulton built the first paddle-wheel
  steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807.
• The railroad was the most important
  transportation development.
• 1830 - America had fewer than 100 miles of track.
• 1860 - it had about 30,000 miles of track.
• The railroad turned the United States into a
  massive market.

(page 366)
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Section 1-25
The Spread of Industrialization (cont.)
Imagine you are a nineteenth-century rural
settler in the Ohio Valley, and you see a
steamboat for the first time. What is your
reaction?
(page 366)
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Section 1-26
Social Impact in Europe

• 1750 1850 Europes population nearly doubled
  to 266 million.
• chief reason was a decline in death from disease.

• The increased food supply fed the people better,
  famine largely disappeared from western Europe.
• The Irish potato famine in the 1840s was an
  exception, with almost one million people dying.

(pages 367370)
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Section 1-27
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)

• Cities were the home to many industries.

• People moved in from the country to find work,
  taking the new railroads.
• Londons population increased from about 1
  million in 1800 to about 2,500,000 in 1850.
• Many inhabitants of these rapidly growing cities
  lived in miserable conditions.
• workers faced horrible working conditions with
  hours ranging from 12 to 16 hours a day, six days
  a week.
• No one had security on the job, and there was no
  minimum wage.

(pages 367370)
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Section 1-31
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)

• In Britain, women and children made up 2/3 of the
  cotton industrys workforce.

• The Factory Act of 1833 set 9 as the minimum age
  to work.
• Children 9-13 could work only 9 hrs/day those
  between ages 13-18 could work only 12 hours.
• Women were paid half or less than the men.
• Excessive working hours for women were outlawed
  in 1844.
• men were now expected to support the family
• women were to take care of the home perform
  low-paying jobs in the home

(pages 367370)
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Section 1-33a
Social Impact in Europe (cont.)

• The pitiful conditions for workers in the IR led
  to a movement called socialism.

• Under socialism, society, usually government,
  owns and controls some means of productionsuch
  as factories and utilities.
• A famous utopian socialist was Robert Owen, a
  British cotton manufacturer.
• He believed people would show their natural
  goodness if they lived in a cooperative
  environment.
• Later socialists like Karl Marx thought these
  ideas were not practical and called those who
  believed them utopian socialists.

(pages 367370)
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Section 1-37
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. a method of production in which tasks are
done by individuals in their rural homes __
2. process in which coke derived from coal is
used to burn away impurities in crude iron to
produce high quality iron __ 3. a system in
which society, usually in the form of the
government, owns and controls the means of
production __ 4. money available for investment
__ 5. an economic system based on industrial
production or manufacturing
A. capital B. cottage industry C. puddling D. ind
ustrial capitalism E. socialism
B C E A D
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End of Section 1
18
Section 3-3
National Unification and the National State
Preview Questions

• What were the roles of Camillo di Cavour and Otto
  von Bismarck in the unification of their
  countries? ?

• What caused the American Civil War?

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Section 3-7
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe

• The revolutions of 1848 did not unify Germany
  Italy.
• By 1871 both Germany and Italy were unified, a
  change caused by the Crimean War.

• The Crimean War was rooted in a conflict between
  Russia the Ottoman Empire, which controlled
  much of the Balkans in southeastern Europe.
• The power of the Ottoman Empire declined in the
  nineteenth century.

(pages 378379)
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Section 3-8
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.)

• Russia wanted to expand into the Balkans to gain
  access to the Mediterranean Sea, giving it the
  naval might to be the great power in eastern
  Europe.

• 1853 - Russia invaded the Balkan the Ottomans
  declared war on Russia.
• Great Britain France allied with the Ottomans,
  fearing Russian ambition.
• The war was poorly planned poorly fought.
• Treaty of Paris of 1856 - Russia agreed to have
  Moldavia and Walachia placed under the protection
  of all the great powers.

(pages 378379)
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Section 3-10
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.)

• The Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe.

• Austria Russia had been the 2 powers
  maintaining order, but now they were enemies
  because Austria had not supported Russia in the
  Crimean War.
• Russia withdrew from European affairs for the
  next 20 years.
• Austria had no allies among the great powers,
  Germany and Italy now could unify.

(pages 378379)
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Section 3-11
Breakdown of the Concert of Europe (cont.)
What contemporary alliances and organizations try
to keep stability in the world?
Possible answers The United Nations (UN), the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and
the Organization of American States (OAS) try to
keep stability in the world.
(pages 378379)
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Section 3-12
Italian Unification

• In 1850, Austria was still the dominant power on
  the Italian Peninsula.

• By 1848, people looked to the northern Italian
  state of Piedmont to lead the fight for
  unification.
• The king of Piedmont named Camillo di Cavour his
  prime minister.
• pursued economic expansion to help support a
  large army.
• made an alliance with the France, provoked the
  Austrians into declaring war in 1859.
• As a result Piedmont won independance

(pages 379380)
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Section 3-14
Italian Unification (cont.)

• Cavours success caused nationalists northern
  Italian states to revolt join Piedmont.

• In southern Italy, a new patriotic leader for
  unification emerged Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• raised an army of 1000 volunteers, called Red
  Shirts because of the color of their uniforms.
• They conquered Sicily Naples
• 1861 - Garibaldi turned his conquests over to
  Piedmont, and the Kingdom of Italy was formed

(pages 379380)
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Section 3-17
Italian Unification (cont.)

• Italys full unification would mean adding
  Venetia, (held by Austria) and Rome (held by the
  pope supported by the French).

• The Italian state allied with Prussia in the
  Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
• When Prussia won, it gave Venetia to the
  Italians.
• France withdrew from Rome in 1870.
• The Italian army annexed Rome and the city became
  the Italian capital.

(pages 379380)
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Section 3-19
German Unification

• Germans looked to Prussias militarismfor
  leadership in unification.

• 1860s - King William I tried to enlarge the
  already powerful Prussian army.
• legislature refused to levy the tax, William I
  appointed, Otto von Bismarck, prime minister
• Bismarck believed in realpolitik, or practical
  politics with little regard for ethics and an
  emphasis on power.
• ignoring the legislature he raised taxes said
  Germany does not look to Prussias liberalism
  but to her power.

(pages 380381)
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Section 3-21
German Unification (cont.)

• 1862-1866 - he governed Prussia w/o legislative
  approval.

• 1864 - with Austria as an ally, he defeated
  Denmark and gained territory.
• 1866 - He then created friction with Austria, and
  the two countries went to war.
• The highly disciplined Prussian army defeated the
  Austrians three weeks after war was declared.
• Problems w/ France soon developed
• France feared a unified Germany.
• 1870 Bismarck maneuvered Napoleon III of France
  into declaring war on Prussia

(pages 380381)
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Section 3-25
German Unification (cont.)

• Prussian armies advanced into France, capturing
  the king (Napoleon III) and an entire army.

• Paris surrendered, and an official peace treaty
  was signed in 1871.
• France paid 5 billion francs gave up the
  provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to the new
  German state.
• The French burned for revenge over the loss of
  these territories.
• January 18, 1871 - in the palace of Versailles,
  William I of Prussia was proclaimed kaiser, or
  emperor, of the Second German Empire (the 1st
  was the Holy Roman Empire).
• Its military might combined industrial
  resources made Germany the strongest power on the
  European continent.

(pages 380381)
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Section 3-29
Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• Great Britain
• Great Britain avoided the revolutionary upheavals
  of the first half of the nineteenth century.

• 1815 - the aristocratic classes dominated
  Parliament.
• 1832 - Parliament extended the vote to include
  male members of the industrial middle class,
  giving them an interest in ruling Britain.
• social and political reforms stabilized Britain
  through the 1860s.
• continued economic growth also added to its
  stability.

(pages 382384)
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Section 3-30
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

• The British feeling of national pride was
  reflected in Queen Victoria.

• reigned from 1837 to 1901 (longest in English
  history)
• sense of duty moral respectability reflected in
  the era, known as the Victorian Age.
• France
• After 1848, events in France moved towards
  restoring the monarchy.
• In the 1852 plebiscite, (popular vote) 97 voted
  to restore the empire.
• Louis-Napoleon became Napoleon III, emperor

(pages 382384)
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Section 3-33
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

• Napoleon IIIs government was authoritarian.

• He controlled the armed forces, police, and civil
  service.
• After the Prussians defeated the French, however,
  the Second Empire fell.
• Austria
• The multinational state of Austria had been able
  to frustrate the attempts of its ethnic groups
  for independence.
• 1866 - the Prussian victory over Austria forced
  Austria to make concessions to the strongly
  nationalistic Hungarians.
• result was the Compromise of 1867.
• creating a dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary.

(pages 382384)
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Section 3-37
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

• Each country had its own constitution,
  legislature, bureaucracy, capital

• sharing a single monarch (Francis Joseph), a
  common army, foreign policy, and economy.
• Hungary had become an independent state.
• Other Austrian states were not happy with the
  compromise.
• Russia
• 1856 - Russia was defeated in the Crimean War.
• conservatives knew that Russia was falling behind
  western Europe needed to modernize

(pages 382384)
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Section 3-40
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)

• Czar Alexander II made reforms.

• March 3, 1861 - he freed the serfs with an
  emancipation edict.
• Peasants could now own property and marry as they
  wished.
• The government bought land from the landlords and
  provided it to the peasants.
• Landlords kept the best land, leaving the
  peasants w/ useless land
• 1881 Alexander II assassinated
• His son, Alexander III, turned against reform and
  returned to the old methods of repression

(pages 382384)
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Section 3-43
Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.)
How could Alexander II have more effectively
freed the serfs?
He could have found ways to guarantee that the
peasants received good and sufficient land.
(pages 382384)
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Section 3-44
Nationalism in the United States

• The U.S. Constitution had committed the country
  to both nationalism and liberalism.

• Federalists and Republicans fought bitterly over
  the division of powers between the federal and
  state levels in the new government.
• Federalists - strong central government,
  Republicans - wanted strong state governments.
• The election of Andrew Jackson opened a new,
  more democratic era of American politics
• The right to vote was extended to all adult white
  males, regardless of property.

(pages 384385)
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Section 3-46
Nationalism in the United States (cont.)

• By the mid-19th cent., the issue of American
  unity was threatened by slavery.

• The Souths economy was based on growing cotton
  using slave labor, and the South was determined
  to keep the status quo.
• Abolitionism, a movement to end slavery, arose in
  the North and challenged the South.
• In 1858 Abraham Lincoln had said that this
  government cannot endure permanently half slave
  and half free.
• elected president in 1860.

(pages 384385)
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Section 3-47
Nationalism in the United States (cont.)

• A month later South Carolina voted to secede
  (withdraw) from the United States.

• Six more southern states did the same, setting up
  the rival Confederate States of America.
• War broke out between North and South.
• The American Civil War (1861 to 1865) was bloody.
  Over 600,000 soldiers died.
• The Union wore down the Confederacy.
• 1863 - President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
  Proclamation, freeing the slaves.
• April 9, 1865 - the South surrendered national
  unity prevailed in the United States.

(pages 384385)
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Section 3-49
Nationalism in the United States (cont.)
Does race still divide the United States, even
though slavery is long over?
(pages 384385)
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Section 3-55
Checking for Understanding
Define Match each definition in the left column
with the appropriate term in the right column.
__ 1. the act of setting free __ 2. a movement
to end slavery __ 3. German for caesar, the
title of the emperors of the Second German Empire
__ 4. reliance on military strength __ 5. a
popular vote
A. militarism B. kaiser C. plebiscite D. emancipat
ion E. abolitionism
D E B A C
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