GEOG 610 Geographys Theories and Methods Fall, 2002

1
GEOG 610Geographys Theories and MethodsFall,
2002

• Smart Growth
• Discussing the Topics Growing Literature
• Jose A. Gavinha

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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• The expression smart growth suggests action with
  less dogma, and rapidly gained popularity in an
  era in which public attention to an issue also
  depends on a memorable phrase.
• (Krieger 1999)

Jose A. Gavinha
3
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Smart growth is growth that is economically
  sound, environmentally friendly, and supportive
  of community livability.
• (Terwilliger, J. 1999)

Jose A. Gavinha
4
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• From a theoretically point of view, smart growth
  is a very postmodern concept.
• Situations (and solutions) vary in space and time
• Very dependent on local history, culture,
  resources and needs
• Implicitly ignores society as a larger system

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Smart growth evolved as the result of converging
  actions from three different sources
• Governments (federal, state, local)
• Citizens groups and organizations
• Professional groups

Jose A. Gavinha
6
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Historically, smart growth is the intersection of
  contradictory approaches
• Radical (justice, social distribution of
  resources)
• Humanistic (quality of file, specificity of
  places)
• Positivistic (technical and economic efficiency)

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Federal Advisory Commission on Regulatory
  Barriers to Affordable Housing (Bush
  administration)
• Not in My Backyard (1991)
• The report focused on new zoning approaches,
  fair share issues
• Several states followed the federal leadership
  with legislation of their own (Florida, Oregon,
  Washington, New Jersey, Maryland, Arizona,
  Tennessee)

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• American Planning Association created a task
  force responding to the Advisory Commission
  recommendations
• The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook (1996)
  and
• Modernizing State Planning Statutes The Growing
  Smart Working Papers (2 volumes, 1996 and 1998)
• were intended to become major sources of
  information for politicians, specialists and the
  public

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• In several places, smart growth projects were
  initiated due to public pressure
• Cambridge, Massachusetts (late 1980s)
• San Francisco Bay Area, California (early
  1990s)
• 1000 Friends groups (Oregon, Wisconsin)

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• The majority of smart growth literature can be
  classified according to
• theoretical vs. empirical
• scale (local, state, nation)
• sector (public, professional, academic)

Jose A. Gavinha
11
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Theoretical versus Empirical (1)
• Initially much of the bibliography was more
  general, theoretical, or based on theoretical
  assumptions (economical, political)
• Nelson, Arthur C. 1992. "Elements of effective
  state land-use planning policy." In Journal of
  Urban Planning and Development, 118, 3 97-105.
• Burby, Raymond J., Peter J. May, and Rober C.
  Paterson. 1998. Improving compliance with
  regulations Choices and outcomes for local
  governments. In Journal of the American
  Planning Association, 64, 3 324-334.
• Attempt to make development compatible with
  quality of life
• Concern by non-renewable resources and limited
  budgets
• Development has been defined in a more humanistic
  way, beyond economics

Jose A. Gavinha
12
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Theoretical versus Empirical (2)
• Over time, there was an increase in empirical and
  technical aspects
• Hall, Carol. 2001. Identifying vacant and
  buildable land. In Knaap, Gerrit J. (ed.) Land
  Market Monitoring for Smart Urban Growth.
  Cambridge, MA Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
• Cox, Wendell. 2001. American Dream Boundaries
  Urban Containment and Its Consequences. Atlanta
  Georgia Public Policy Foundation.
• Different solutions from place to place
• More holistic approaches
• NIMBY initiatives

Jose A. Gavinha
13
Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Different scales (1)
• The majority of literature has been focusing at
  the state level, smart growth being often
  considered as the last wave in growth management
• DeGrove, John and Deborah A. Miness. 1992. The
  New Frontier for Land Policy Planning and Growth
  Management in the States. Cambridge, MA Lincoln
  Institute of Land Policy.
• Weitz, Jerry. 1999. From quiet revolution to
  smart growth State growth management programs,
  1960 to 1999." In Journal of Planning Literature,
  14, 2 267-338.
• Initial funding tied to federal and state
  policies

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Different scales (2)
• Literature concerning local issues has been
  growing consistently
• Froehlich, Maryann. 1998. Smart growth Why
  local governments are taking a new approach top
  managing growth. In Public Management, 80, 5
  5-9.
• Berke, Philip R. and Maria Manta Conroy. 2000.
  Are we planning for sustainable development An
  evaluation of 30 comprehensive plans. In
  Journal of the American Planning Association, 66,
  1 21-33.
• On line with demands for devolution
• Attempt to take higher control of locally
  collected taxes
• Indirect treat to redistribution policies

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Public, professional, academic sectors (1)
• Most of the literature in the 1990s was produced
  by the public sector, often in the form of
  reports
• Maryland Office of Planning. 1997. Smart Growth
  and Neighborhood Conservation Preserving Whats
  Best about Maryland. Baltimore Maryland Office
  of Planning.
• Oregon Transportation and Growth Management
  Program. 1997. Planning for Residential Growth A
  workbook for Oregon's urban areas. Salem, OR
  Department of Land Conservation and Development,
  Sate of Oregon .
• Technocratic vision of efficiency
• Policies based on optimal uses, restrictions,
  redevelopment

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Public, professional, academic sectors (2)
• Professionals have also been very active, more
  often in their own organizations
• Buchsbaum, Peter A., and Larry J. Smith (eds.)
  1993. State and Regional Comprehensive Planning
  Implementing new methods for growth management.
  Chicago American Bar Association.
• Johnson, Denny, Patricia Salkin, Jason Jordan,
  and Karen Finucan. 2002. Planning for Smart
  Growth 2002 State of the States. Washington, DC
  American Planning Association.
• More flexible approaches to development
• Wider participation in policy-making

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Public, professional, academic sectors (3)
• In recent years, the interest in smart growth
  both increased and diversified. Academic
  departments are taking a more active role
• Pendall, R. 1999. Do land-use controls cause
  sprawl? In Environment and Planning B Planning
  and Design, 26 555-571.
• Schiffman, Irving. 2001. Alternative techniques
  for Managing Smart Growth. Berkeley, CA Berkeley
  Public Policy Press, University of California
  Berkeley.
• More diversified approaches philosophical,
  sociological, demographic, geographical aspects
  are being considered

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Public, professional, academic sectors (4)
• Researchers in private institutes and foundations
  have also made a substantial contribution
• Dunphy, Robert T. 1996. Transportation and
  Growth Myth and Fact. Washington, DC Urban Land
  Institute.
• Orfield, Myron. 1999. American Metropolitics -
  The New Suburban Reality. Washington, DC
  Brookings Institution Press.
• Better knowledge of local cases

Jose A. Gavinha
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Smart Growth - Discussing the Topic's Growing
LiteratureGEOG 610, Fall 2002

• Conclusions
• Interest in smart growth has been growing and
  diversifying, both in type of topics and in the
  fields involved
• Debates are becoming more intense and also more
  focused
• There is an increasing variety of empirical
  materials

Jose A. Gavinha