Energy Future: Coal

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Energy FutureCoal Clean Energy ?
Enhancing Thermodynamic Reversibilityand
Capturing and Recycling of Carbon-dioxide
NIU-SIU-ANL Meeting September 24, 2007
Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering NORTHERN
ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY
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Humanitys Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years

1. ENERGY (critical for the rest nine)
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism War
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10. Population

2006 6.5 Billion People 2050 8-10 Billion (
1010 ) People
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What Are We Waiting For?

• (1) An Energy Crisis ?
• (2) A Global Environmental Problem?
• (3) An Asian Technology Boom?
• or Leadership

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The two things are certain

• (1) the world population and their
  living-standard expectations will substantially
  increase(over 6 billion people now, in 50
  years 10-11 billion - energy may double)
• (2) fossil fuels economical reserves,
  particularly oil and natural gas, will
  substantially decrease(oil may run out in 30-50
  years)

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YES! Thermodynamicsan almost forgotten science
Kostics primary research activities and interest
are in FUNDAMENTALS APPLICATIONS of ENERGY

• a science of ENERGY
• the Mother of all sciences
• check-and-balance ENERGY accounting
• Energy efficiency enhancement and optimization
• provides VISION and future ENERGY solutions

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Nanotechnology potentials

• Enabling Nanotech Revolution(s) Nanotech to the
  rescue
• (1) Nano multifunctional materials
• (2) Nano electronics super-computers
• (3) Nano sensors actuators
• (4) Nano devices robotics
• (5) Nano photovoltaics photocatalitics
• (6) Nano super-conductors (adv. transmission and
  el. motors)
• (7) Nano energy-storage (adv. batteries
  hydrogen)
• (8) Nano bio-materials (synthetic fuels,
  pharmaceuticals, )
• Some examplesArmchair Wire Project electrical
  conductivity of copper at 1/6 the weight with
  negligible eddy currents Single Crystal
  Fullerene Nanotube Arrays (Etc.)

Wet-Nanotechnologynanofluidsat NIU In
collaboration with ANL www.kostic.niu.edu/DRnanofl
uids
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EEE-Global Physics articles

• More Encyclopedia Articles

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Energy Everywhere
From the sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons
out of the astounding compaction and increase of
power-density in computer chips
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Coal is very important

• energy and
• carbon resource
• thus
• CO2 should be
• captured, stored and recycled
• as valuable resource

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Coal Energy Must Be Efficientto be competitive

• from 35 Classical
• to 60 Combined Cycle
• Gas/Steam Turbine Power Plant
• or even 85 Combined Power-Heat Plant

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Vehicle Energy Efficiencies
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About 20
About 0.2 also first steam engine
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Efficient do MORE with LESS

• Improve true (2nd Law) efficiency by conserving
  energy potentials REGENERATE before diluting
  and loosing it!

Power
Waste Heat CO2
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about 50efficiency
about 75efficiency
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46 of 62.8
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World now 13 TWyr /yr ? 410 EJ/yr About 90
years 60-90 coal, 15-30 oil, and 15-40 gas.
Distinguish between Proven (above) and
Estimated reserves
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The energy difficulties

• (1) will be more challenging than what we
  anticipate now
• (2) NO traditional solutions
• (3) New knowledge, new technology,and new living
  habits and expectationswill be needed

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The unique role of CO2 for biomass and synthetic
fuel production In future there may be CO2
shortage!?
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The renewable biomass energy and development of
synthetic hydro-carbons

• The renewable biomass energy (BM) and
  development of synthetic hydro-carbons (SynHC)
  will be very important if not critical for
  substitution of fossil fuels
• since they are natural extensions of fossil
  fuels, the existing energy infrastructure could
  be easily adapted
• global CO2 emission will be balanced during
  renewable biomass production.
• BMSynHC particularly promising for energy
  storage and use in transportation to replace
  fossil fuels,

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Hydrogen versus Renewable biomass and synthetic
hydro-carbons (2)

• Instead of going against the nature with
  hydrogen H H-H H-C- H
• we should go along with nature with biomass
  energy and development of synthetic
  hydro-carbons.

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Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

29
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

30
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

31
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most
   of stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

32
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

33
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

34
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

35
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

36
Energy Future Outlooka probable scenario in
the wake of a short history of fossil fuels
abundance and use (a bleep on a human history
radar screen), the following energy future
outlook is possible

1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change
   of societal and human habits and expectations
   (life could be happier after fossil fuels era)
2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy
   management in wide sense (to reduce waste,
   improve efficiency and quality of environment and
   life)
3. Energy conservation and regeneration have
   unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large
   potentials, particularly in industry (also in
   transportation, commercial and residential
   sectors)
4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of
   stationary energy needs
5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation
   and new industry at global scale (to close the
   cycles at sources thus protecting environment and
   increasing efficiency)
6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for
   fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy,
   transportation, and chemicals)
7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels,
   advanced batteries, hydrogen,)
8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable
   energies (to fill in the gap)

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More information at
www.kostic.niu.edu/energy
2000 kcal/day?100 Watt
USA Prod. 12,000 Watt/p 1500 Welec/p