The Logical Structures in Pali Gatha

1
The Logical Structures in Pali Gatha

• by
• Tetsuo HASHIMOTO

2
The Source or the Text

• All the gathas of these----
• Suttanipata(Sn.)
• Sa?yutta-Nikaya(SN.) vol.1
• Theragatha(Thag.), Therigatha(Thig.)
• Dhammapada(Dhp.)
• Itivuttaka(Itiv.)
• Udana
• Thesaurus of the Pali Gatha . When I write
  the text, it means this file. About the
  details, see the APPENDICES and my HP,
  http//www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/pali-bud

3
The four types of structure-1.pa?icca-causalit
y-structure(type A)

• Type A with pa?icca
• (A-1) hetu(s.) pa?icca khandha,etc.(pl.)
  sambhuta
• (A-2) piya(s.) pa?icca dukkha,etc.(pl.)
  bhavanti
• (A-3) upadhi,etc pa?icca phassa(pl.) phusanti
• (A-4) upadhi(pl.) pa?icca dukkha(s.) sambhoti
• (A-5) hetu pa?icca bimba,etc.(s.) sambhuta
• (a-1) On account of a cause the elements of
  existence have come to be.
• (a-2) On account of the pleasant the misery
  exist.
• (a-3) On account of upadhi, the contacts of
  sensation affect.
• (a-4) On account of upadhi(pl.passions?) the
  misery arise.
• (a-5) On account of causes bimba(a human body)
  has come to be.

4
The four types of structure-2
paccaya-causality-structure(type B)

• Type B with paccaya
• (B-1) ahara,etc. paccaya dukkha sambhoti
• (B-2) upadana paccaya bhava(dukkha)
  (sambhoti)
• (b-1) Because of nutriments the misery arises.
• (b-2) Existence is because of grasping.That is
  the arising of misery (Norman)

5
The four types of structure-3nidana-causality-
structure (type C)

• Type C with nidana
• (C-1) upadhi nidana dukkha(pl.) pabhavanti
• (C-2) ito nidana raga,dosa (pahoti)
• (C-3) iccha nidana pariggaha,etc. (pahoti)
• (C-4) piya(abl.) (nidana) kalaha,etc. pahuta
• (c-1) From the source of upadhi miseries rise.
• (c-2) From this source lust and hatred rise.
• (c-3) From the source of desire property,etc.
  rise.
• (c-4) From a friend quarrels,etc. rise.

6
The four types of structure-4jayati-causality-
structure,(type D)

• Type D with jayati
• (D-1) ta?ha,etc.(abl.) (none) soka bhaya
  jayati
• From ta?ha sorrow and fear are born.

7
Two Models of Causality
1
2
8
1.Seed-growing-model-1

• Nayidam attakata? bimba? // na yida? parakatam
  agha? // hetu? pa?icca sambhuta? // hetubha?ga
  nirujjhati // // Yatha aññatara? bija? // khette
  vutta? viruhati // pathavirasañ cagamma //
  sinehañ ca tad ubhaya? // (SN.vol.1,p.134,G)

9
1.Seed-growing-model-2

• lttransl.gt This bimba is not produced from itself.
  Nor is this (like) a sadness produced from other.
  On account of a cause this has come to be. With
  the causes extinction it will cease. As when a
  seed is sown in the field, it grows out thanks to
  the two the nutriment of the soil and the sap
  (of seed)

10
2.Aerial-roots-growing-model-1

• Rago ca doso ca itonidana // arati rati
  lomaha?so itoja // ito samu??haya manovitakka //
  kumaraka va?kam iv-ossajanti // // Snehaja
  attasambhuta // nigrodhasseva khandhaja //
  (SN.vol.1,p.207Sn.271-272)

11
2.Aerial-roots-growing-model-2

• lttransl.gt " Passion and hatred have their origin
  in this. Aversion and delight and excitement are
  born from this. Thoughts of mind rise from this,
  and......(omitted).......... (They are) born from
  the lust or the sap (of itself), arisen from
  iteself, like the trunk-born (aerial-roots) of
  the banyan tree.

12
admit / deny
?
attakata
only sineha
parakata
only pathavi-rasa
hetu? pa?icca sambhuta
13
admit / deny

• Roots of banyan are born from the lust or the sap
  (of itself), arisen from iteself.
• (Snehaja attasambhuta)
• attakata in Seed-growing-model

Aerial-roots-growing-model is denied
14
Aerial-roots-growing-model is denied

• So, itonidana, itoja, ito samu??haya should be
  denied.
• Then, nidana-causality-structure(type C) and
  jayati-causality-structure,(type D) should be
  denied.

15
Why ?
16
Because
Multi-origin and single effect is
admitted. Sambhavati is admitted.
Single origin and multi-effect is
denied. Pabhavati is denied.
17
TRUE STRUCTURE 1(type A)with pa?icca

• multi-origin and single effect.
  sambhavati
• (A-4) upadhi(pl.) -- pa?icca dukkha(s.) --
  sambhotii
• (A-5) hetu(s.ii) -- pa?icca bimba(s.) --
  sambhuta iii i Udana,p.33. I corrected na
  upadhi to upadhi according to CPD. and comm.
• ii Hetu of this structure should mean plural
  because the origin or source are plural in the
  following simile.
• iii SN.vol.1,p.134.

18
TRUE STRUCTURE 2(type B) multi-origin and
single effect. sambhavatiwith paccaya
sa?khara(pl.)(m. aggregation) paccaya sambhoti dukkha (s.) Sn.731
viñña?a(s.)(n. consciousness) paccaya sambhoti dukkha (s.) Sn.734
arambha(pl.)(m. effort, support) paccaya sambhoti dukkha (s.) Sn.744
ahara(pl.)(m. food, nutriment, fuel) paccaya sambhoti dukkha (s.) Sn.747
iñjita(pl.)(n. emotion, adj. moved) paccaya sambhoti dukkha (s.) Sn.750
upadana(pl.)(n. fuel, grasping, clinging to existence)-- paccaya sambhava bhava (s.) dukkha Sn.742
19
How can dukkha(pain, misery) arise becaus of
food or effort etc. ?

• This gatha is a good hint----
• upadanapaccaya bhavo, bhuto dukkha? nigacchati,
  jatassa mara?am hoti, eso dukkhassa sambhavo.
  (Sn.742)
• lttrnasl.gt Existence is because of grasping. An
  (existent) being goes to misery. (There is) death
  for one who is born. That is the arising of
  misery. (K.R.Norman)

20
The illustration-1

• It is said that bhava arises because of
  upadana. But the place or matter from which
  bhava arises is not described here. So we put
  it in order to understand the system.
• The place can be a Black-Box which looks like a
  function.

21
The illustration-2

• Bhava means living being which arises in
  this way, and is involved in sa?sara.
• sa?sara means dukkha.

22
We cant see Black box and bhavaThey are
concealed in the type B.

Upadana(n. fuel, grasping, clinging to existence
) is the representative of sa?khara,
viñña?a,arambha,ahara, iñjita. f(x) sineha (
ta?ha)
23
It looks like seed model
hetu? pa?icca sambhuta
24
Conclusion

• In the pali texts, there are a lot of structures
  of causality. I chose some from the old gathas.
  Among them only the structure of multi-origin
  and single effect with sambhavati shows the
  true causality. Its model is seed-growing-model.
  

25
The body of THESAURUS of THE PALI GATHAS(1)

• _etad_gt_eso_ltupa-aa-dadaatigtupaadaana_gt
  ltbhava_gt/_upaadaana_ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(c
  dukkhassa sambhava)MONOKOTOYOKUTORUupaadaan
  a.not from r.daa,cpd / eso sng_0742/
• _etad_gt_eso_ltadj_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thi
  s- bhagavant)(the buddha,norman)BUTUJATOLL /
  eso thig_0306/
• _etad_gt_eso_ltkaama_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(c
  gedhagreeding,cf.norman)MONOYOKU / eso
  thig_0352/
• _etad_gt_eso_ltatztzhangika_gt/_eva_/
  (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(this is magga)(or the way
  is here?)MONOKOTO / es-eva dhp_0274(1)
• _etad_gt_eso_ltit_gt/_eva_/ (eso va,from
  v.l.of dhp.274)(/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thatbuddhas
  words)(this is,norman)KOTO / es-eva thag_0870
• _etad_gt_esa_ltadj_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thi
  s- dhamma)KOTO / esa s_018_b01_c04_s02_n05_g1/
• _etad_gt_esa_ltadj_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thi
  s- dhammo,th though this is dahmmo
  sanantano,nakamura)MONOKOTO / esa
  s_189_b08_c00_s05_n09_g3/
• _etad_gt_esa_ltadj_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thi
  s- dhamma)KOTOMONO / esa dhp_0005/
• _etad_gt_esa_ltbuddha_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)B
  UTUJATOLL /(eso,th) esa s_210_b10_c00_s07_n04_g
  2/
• _etad_gt_esa_ltadj_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)(thi
  s- sanqgha)MONO /(eso,th) esa
  s_233_b11_c02_s06_n04_g1/
• _etad_gt_esa_ltperson?_gt/ (/pron/ma/si/no/_)
  w-pron?(lteso return

26
The body of THESAURUS of THE PALI GATHAS(2)

• _patzi-_eti_/(_pacceti_) (paccetito go
  back,return,ander)(ptsd.,fig.fall back
  onj.saigono yoridokoroto suru) /pres. paccenti
  sng_0840(4)/sng_0908/pres.2.s.transl.
  paccesi s_135_b05_c00_s10_n06_g1/aor.1.s.mizuno
  paccessam thag_0060/1patzietipaccati(3.pg.
  sec.140-3) pacceti dhp_0125(2)/s_013_b01_c03_s0
  2_____g2/s_164_b07_c01_s04_n04_g_/sng_0662/s
  ng_0788/sng_0800/sng_0803
• _patzi-_eti_/(_pacceti_) (patziccaon
  account of (w. acc.),ander)(patziccagrounded
  on,on account of,concerning,because(with
  acc.),ptsd) /ger patzicca s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_
  g1/s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g2/sng_0872/sng_104
  6/ger patzicca udag_02_04/udag_08_08_1_2_1(2
  )/s_187_b08_c00_s02_n06_g5/ger patzicca
  sng_0680/udap_03_10_07/
• _patzi-_eti_/_upa-_pajjatip_uppanna_/_dhamma_/(
  _pacceti_)(_uppajjati_) paccetigerpatzicca
  -ppuppanna(patziccaon account of (w.
  acc.),ander)(grounded on,on account
  of,concerning,because(with acc.),ptsd) /
  patziccuppannadhammaanam thag_0422
• _patzi-_eti_/_pari-_nir-_baatip_parinibbuta_/(_
  parinibbaati_) / patziccaparinibbuto
  thag_1218/
• _patzi-_kanqkhati_/ (to wirh for)
  /pres.imp. patzikanqkhaama s_226_b11_c01_s09_n0
  7_g_/pres.imp. patzikanqkhaami
  thag_0196/thag_0606/thag_0607/thag_0654/t
  hag_0655/thag_0685/thag_0686/thag_1003
  return

27
The body of THESAURUS of THE PALI GATHAS(3)

• _aa-_haratitgt_aahaara_/_titztzhatip_tzhita__t
  zhitika_/(_aahaaratztzhitika_)(ttake_up)
  pptzhita(dependent on food or sustenance,cpd)
  / aahaaratztzhitiko thag_0123
• _aa-_haratitgt_aahaara_/_netigt_netti_/_pa-_bhav
  atigt_pabhava_/(ttake_up) /
  aahaaranettippabhavamz itig_043_1(7)/
• _aa-_haratitgt_aahaara_/_patzi-_etigt_paccayac_
  /(gget)(_pacceti_)ccause
  aahaara-paccayapacceti / aahaarapaccayaa
  sng_0747/sng_0748_9_8
• _aa-_juhatid_aahuneyya_/ (sacrificial)grd /
  aahuneyyo s_141_b06_c01_s03_n08_g3(8)
• _aa-_juhati_aahuti_/ (f.) / aahutiinam
  thag_0566
• _inqgha_/ (interj.come on) / imzgha
  sng_0083(10)/sng_0189/sng_0862/sng_0875/s
  ng_1052/ ingha s_215_b10_c00_s12_n14_g4
• _inqghaalza_/_khu_/ anqgaara(charcoal-pit)
  (see,ober.p.83,note5,inqgaakakuyaa?) /
  inqghaalzakhuyaa thig_0386
• _icchatip_icchita_/ (desired,wished,cpd)YOKU
  ppicchita(icchakam,norman,p.70,ad
  thig.43,wanted) /(pp.pg.sec.196) icchitam
  thig_0046
• _icchatip_itztzha_/ (want,good
  state)ppitztzha / itztzhaa sng_0759_0_9/thag_
  0643_4_4/ itztzhe sng_0154/sng_0155
• _icchatigt_icchaa_/ icchaa(f.longing,YOKU,)
  / icchaa dhp_0074/s_044_b01_c08_s09_____g2/s_
  044_b01_c08_s09_____g2/sng_0311/(-aaya,a
  truncated locative ending,norman) icchaa
  sng_0872/thig_0091/thig_0486/ icchaaya
  s_040_b01_c07_s09_____g2/s_040_b01_c07_s09_____
  g2/sng_0707/ iccham dhp_0334/s_044_b01_c08_
  s11_____g1(16)/s_045_b01_c08_s11_____g3(2)/sng
  _0706
• _icchatigt_icchaa_/_otaratip_avatinznza_/
  icchaa-avatinznzaotinznza(YOKU,-enter)ppavat
  inznza / icchaavatinznzaanam sng_0306 return

28
permutated index (nidaana)

• CENTER WORD is nidaan
• NO WORD to FILE d\temp\temp2.nh
• MAY BE A SHOTAGE OF CENTER WORDnidaan. DO
  CHECK !
• ROOT/INDEXni-_daana
• 0012/2sng_08651 "
  chandaanidaanaani4 piyaani loke ye vaa pi5 lobha
• 0021/1sng_07731
  icchaanidaanaa bhavasaatabaddhaa1 te duppamunwc
• 0031/1sng_08721 ca patzicca phassaa9,
  icchaanidaanaani pariggahaani, icchaa na santya
• 0041/1sng_02711 " raago ca doso ca
  itonidaanaa, aratii10 ratii10 lomahamzso ito
• 0052/2sng_08652 ke, aasaa ca nitztzhaa ca
  itonidaanaa, ye samparaayaaya3 narassa honti
• 0062/2sng_08702 hamz, etamz1 te pabruumi2
  itonidaanamz." 9.
• 0071/1sng_02701 " raago ca doso ca
  kutonidaanaa, aratii10 ratii10 lomahamzso kut
• 0082/2sng_08691 " saatamz asaatamz ca
  kutonidaanaa kismimz12 asante na bhavanti h-e
• 0092/2sng_08642 e, aasaa ca nitztzhaa ca
  kutonidaanaa, ye samparaayaaya3 narassa honti
• 0102/2sng_08641 " piyaa su lokasmimz1
  kutonidaanaa ye vaa pi2 lobhaa vicaranti loke
• 0111/1sng_08711 " phasso nu lokasmimz3
  kutonidaano, pariggahaa vaa pi4 kuto pahuutaa
• 0121/1sng_08661 " chando nu lokasmimz1
  kutonidaano, vinicchayaa vaa pi kuto pahuutaa
• 0131/1s_207_b10_c00_s03_n12_g11 doso ca ito
  nidaanaa// arati rati lomahamzso itojaa// ito
  samutztzhaa
• 0141/1s_207_b10_c00_s03_n11_g_1 doso ca kuto
  nidaanaa// arati rati lomahamzso kutojaa// kuto
  samutztzh
• 0151/1s_038_b01_c06_s10_____g21 chando
  nidaanamz gaathaanamz// akkharaa taasamz
  viyanwjanamz8//

29
permutated index (paccaya)

• CENTER WORD is paccay
• NO WORD to FILE d\temp\temp2.nh
• MAY BE A SHOTAGE OF CENTER WORDpaccay. DO
  CHECK !
• ROOT/INDEX_paccaya
• 0011/1sng_07471 amz sambhoti, sabbamz
  aahaarapaccayaa, aahaaraanamz nirodhena n-atthi
• 0021/1sng_0748_91 z nwatvaa' dukkhamz
  aahaarapaccayaa' sabbaahaaramz8 parinwnwaaya
  sabba
• 0031/1sng_07441 mz sambhoti, sabbamz
  aarambhapaccayaa, aarambhaanamz nirodhena n-atthi
• 0041/1sng_0745_61 nwatvaa' dukkhamz
  aarambhapaccayaa' sabbaarambhamz patzinissajja3
  ana
• 0051/1sng_07501 amz sambhoti, sabbamz
  inwjitapaccayaa, inwjitaanamz nirodhena n-atthi
• 0061/1sng_07511 amz nwatvaa' dukkhamz
  inwjitapaccayaa' tasmaa ejamz7 vossajja8 samzkha
• 0071/1s_100_b03_c03_04_n17_g11 uramz5
  jaatipaccayaa// //
• 0081/1udag_01_021 ayanti sabbaa yato khayamz
  paccayaanamz avedii ti.// 2//
• 0091/1sng_00151 santi keci oramz aagamanaaya
  paccayaase, so bhikkhu lt jahaati orapaara
• 0101/1itig_107_21 saagaaresu1 ca ciivaramz
  paccayamz sayanaasanamz/ anaagaaraa2 patzic
• 0111/1thag_04841 ciivaramz pinzdzapaatamz ca
  paccayamz sayanaasanamz paccutztzhaanamz c
• 0121/1thag_09241 z parikkhaare bhesajje atha
  paccaye na baalzhamz ussukaa aasumz yathaa
• 0131/1sng_03391 ciivare pinzdzapaate ca
  paccaye sayanaasane1 -- etesu tanzhamz ma
• 0141/1sng_0732_31 watvaa' dukkhamz
  samzkhaarapaccayaa' sabbasamzkhaarasamathaa10
  sanwnwa
• 0151/1sng_07311 sambhoti, sabbamz
  samzkhaarapaccayaa, samzkhaaraanamz nirodhena
  n-att

30
permutated index (patzicca)

• CENTER WORD is patzicc
• NO WORD to FILE d\temp\temp2.nh
• MAY BE A SHOTAGE OF CENTER WORDpatzicc. DO
  CHECK !
• ROOT/INDEXpatzicca
• 0011/1 sng_07841 samzsamz, tamz6 nissito
  kuppapatziccasantimz7. 5.
• 0021/1 sng_06801 mz gahetvaa bhamayatha5 kimz
  patzicca. 2.
• 0031/1 udag_08_08_1_21 imz anekaruupaa piyamz
  patzicca2 bhavanti ete, piye asante na bhavanti
• 0041/1 udap_03_10_071 na upadhii1 hi2
  patzicca dukkhamz idamz sambhoti3, sabbuupaada
• 0051/1 sng_10461 hagavaa -- kaamaabhijappanti
  patzicca laabhamz17, te yaajayogaa18 bhav
• 0061/1 udag_02_041 phusanti phassaa upadhimz3
  patzicca,/ niruupadhimz kena phuseyyumz pha
• 0071/1 thag_12181 amz padamz ajjhagamaa muni,
  patzicca parinibbuto kamzkhati kaalamz.//
• 0081/1 s_187_b08_c00_02_n06_g51 hagamaa muni
  patzicca// parinibbuto kamzkhati kaalamzti4// //
  
• 0091/1 sng_08721 " naamamz ca ruupamz ca
  patzicca phassaa9, icchaanidaanaani parig
• 0101/1 s_134_b05_c00_09_n05_g21 me5// hetumz
  patzicca sambhuutaa// hetubhamzgaa nirujjhare
  ti6//
• 0111/1 s_134_b05_c00_09_n05_g11 amz// hetumz
  patzicca sambhuutamz// hetubhamzgaa nirujjhati//
  //
• 0121/1 sng_06531 kammamz1 passanti panzdzitaa
  patziccasamuppaadadasaa2 kammavipaakakovi
• 0131/1 thag_04221 aana vipaakamz ca vipaakato
  patziccuppannadhammaanamz yathaavaalokadas

31
permutated index (hetu)

• CENTER WORD is het
• NO WORD to FILE d\temp\temp2.nh
• MAY BE A SHOTAGE OF CENTER WORDhet. DO CHECK
  !
• ROOT/INDEX_hetu_
• 0012/2thag_11232 na ca duurakantanaa
  aajiivahetuu ca ahamz na nikkhamimz, kato ca te c
• 0022/2dhp_00841 na
  attahetu na1 parassa1 hetu1 na puttamz icche
• 0033/3sng_01221 yo
  attahetu parahetu dhanahetu ca6 yo naro sakkh
• 0041/1itig_020_31 eva tathaavidho/
  cetopadosahetuu hi4 sattaa gacchanti
  duggatimzti//
• 0051/1itig_021_31 a7 tathaavidho/
  cetopasaadahetuu8 hi sattaa gacchanti
  sugatimzti9//
• 0062/2thag_11231 a ahiriikataaya vaa na
  cittahetuu na ca duurakantanaa aajiivahetuu ca
• 0073/3sng_01223 yo attahetu parahetu
  dhanahetu ca6 yo naro sakkhiputztzho musaa bru
• 0081/1thig_05081 maa appakassa
  hetu kaamasukhassa vipulamz jahi sukhamz/
• 0091/1sng_11311 o15 nibbano16 naatho17 kissa
  hetu musaa18 bhanze19. 8. lt _cf_940agt
• 0102/2dhp_00842 na attahetu na1 parassa1
  hetu1 na puttamz icche na dhanamz na ratz
• 0111/1thig_05211 so
  hetu so pabhavo tamz muulamz satthu saasan
• 0121/1itig_014_21 mz/ na te puna samzsaranti
  hetu12 tesamz na vijjatiiti//

32

• 0132/1sng_07752 visamamz' ti loke, na tassa
  hetu visamamz7 careyya appamz8 hi tamz9 j
• 0143/2s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g23 sambhuutaa//
  hetubhamzgaa nirujjhare ti6// //
• 0152/2s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g12 ambhuutamz//
  hetubhamzgaa nirujjhati// //
• 0161/1thig_01011 samzkhaare parato disvaa
  hetujaate palokine/ pahaasimz aasave sabbe
• 0171/1sng_00161 keci vinibandhaaya bhavaaya
  hetukappaa, so bhikkhu lt jahaati orapaara
• 0183/2s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g22 tanaa ime5//
  hetumz patzicca sambhuutaa// hetubhamzgaa
  nirujjhare ti6/
• 0192/2s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g11 amz aghamz//
  hetumz patzicca sambhuutamz// hetubhamzgaa
  nirujjhati// /
• 0201/1thig_01581 abbadukkhamz parinwnwaatamz
  hetutanzhaa visositaa/ ariyatztzhamzgiko m
• 0211/1thag_11281 tav-eva
  hetuu asuraa bhavaamase, tvamzmuulakamz ne
• 0221/1thig_03551 anamz maggamz manussaa
  kaamahetukamz/ bahumz ve patzipajjanti attano r
• 0231/1thig_03591 isamz katvaa vyasanamz
  kaamahetukamz/ na tamz paccaagamissaami nibbaan
• 0241/1thag_09341 na niggataa
  katzacchubhikkhahetuu pi akiccaani nisevare.//
  934//
• 0253/2s_134_b05_c00_s09_n05_g21 z biijamz//
  khette vuttamz viruuhati// pathaviirasamz
  caagamma4// sine
• 0263/3sng_01222 yo attahetu
  parahetu dhanahetu ca6 yo naro sakkhiputztzho
• 0271/1udag_01_011 i sabbaa yato pajaanaati
  sahetudhammamz ti.// 1//
• 0282/1sng_07751 tasmaa hi
  sikkhetha6 idh-eva jantu yamz kinwci janwnwa