Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach

1

• Development of the Hurricane Imaging Radiometer
  (HIRAD) Using a Systems Engineering Approach
• 61st Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference
• 6 March 2007

2
Systems Engineering Approach
Scientific Systems Engineering
Developer Solutions
Customer Requirements
Innovative NASA Technologies
HIRAD Team
Ocean Surface Vector Winds
3
Call for Improved Understanding and
Predictability of Hurricane Intensity

• Key focus of Hurricane Intensity Research Working
  Group of the NOAA Science Advisory Board - to
  reduce the error in 48-hour intensity forecasts
  for hurricane-strength storms by at least 10kt
  within the next five years
• High priority of National Science Board (NSB)
  report, Hurricane Warning A Critical Need for
  a National Hurricane Research Initiative -
  Predicting hurricane intensification and size,
  and reducing the uncertainty associated with
  where and when hurricanes will make landfall
• Key operational forecasting needs outlined by
  Joint Action Group for Tropical Cyclone Research
  Intensity, Structure, Track, Sea State, Storm
  Surge, Precipitation, Observations

4
NRC Decadal Study

• QuikSCAT is aging beyond its expected life span
• NASA/NOAA should develop better collaborations
• NOAA should assume responsibility for the next
  operational scatterometer
• NASA should explore innovative remote sensing
  technologies
• Venture class of satellites
• Suborbital demonstrations

5
Operational Ocean Surface Vector Wind
requirements summary

• All-weather retrievals (i.e. accurate retrievals
  in rain)
• Accuracy levied upon the selected 10 meter 1
  minute sustained wind
• 4-165kts wind speed range
• 10 -165kts /- 2 kts and /- 10 degrees (2
  sigma)
• 4 -10kts /- 2 kts and /- 20 degrees (2
  sigma)
• Revisit time interval every 6 hours (1-3 hour
  goal)
• Reduced product latency 45 - 60 minutes from
  measurement to product availability (15 min goal)
• lt 2.5 km horizontal grid resolution (1 km goal)
• lt 2.5 km from coast (1km goal)
• Wind fields must be delivered into the
  operational environment, i.e., NAWIPS, AWIPS and
  data assimilation systems
• Product documentation / tutorial / training

6
HIRAD Team Responsibilities

• NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Project
  Science and Systems Integration
• NOAA Hurricane Research Division Hurricane
  Expertise
• University of Central Florida Modeling and
  Algorithm Development
• University of Michigan System Design and
  Calibration
• RTI Antenna Array Design and Analysis

7
Measurement Heritage
SFMR Tb for Hurricane Katrina
SFMR
SFMR on NOAA WP-3D Aircraft
Partners NASA LaRC, UMass., NOAA HRD, and
ProSensing
8
Innovations from the NASA Earth Science
Technology Portfolio

• Instrument Incubator Program
• Synthetic thinned array antenna and correlated
  receiver technologies utilized by the Lightweight
  Rain Radiometer (LRR)
• Agile Digital Detection for RFI mitigation
• Advanced Information Systems Technology Program
• Sensor Management for Applied Research
  Technologies (SMART) On-Demand Modeling (ODM) for
  flexible, autonomous integration of Earth
  observations and model results during real-time
  decision-making

9
LRR-X Deployed on NASA DC-8Engineering
Demonstration of Imaging

• Point Reyes National Seashore, CA
• DC-8 nadir video camera (upper left)
• LRR-X TB image at 10.7 GHz, H-Pol (upper right)

10
Observing Strategy Roadmap
Sensor Web Today
Sensor Web Tomorrow
11
HIRAD Instrument Description

• Multi-frequency (4-7 GHz) interferometric
  radiometer
• Synthetic thinned array technology
• Push broom imager with wide (/- 60 deg) cross
  track field of view
• Low profile planar array antenna
• Software beam forming with no moving parts
• Internal hot, cold, and noise diode based
  calibration
• Continuous gap free imaging
• Real-time wind and rain retrieval algorithms with
  one second update at 1 km spatial resolution
• Sensor web enablement (SWE) technology based on
  Open Geospatial Consortium protocols

12
Technology Investment Roadmap
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Demonstration (optional)
Satellite Demonstration of Improved Hurricane
Ocean Surface Vector Winds and Rain Rate
Aircraft Demonstration
Technology Transfer Operational Reconnaissance
Hurricane Aircraft (optional)
Technology Brassboard Demonstration in Laboratory
13
Next Steps

• NASA MSFC Investment funding
• Laboratory and anechoic chamber testing of
  antenna
• Brassboard demonstrations of full system
• Modeling simulated observations
• NOAA AOC assistance with off-nadir SFMR demo
• Observing Systems Simulation Experiment with
  HWIND
• Full aircraft system development
• Proposals for competed funding
• Aircraft integration and test flights
• Field deployments in hurricane scenarios

14
Planning for SuccessReplacing Hurricane Floyd
simulations with real observations
Simulated aircraft wind speed observations
Simulated aircraft rain rate observations
Simulated rain rate product at 1 km
Simulated wind speed product at 1 km
15
Backup Slides
16
(No Transcript)
17
STAR Technology Heritage

• ESTAR
• Soil Moisture
• David LeVine, GSFC
• w. U.Mass.

• LRR
• Rainfall
• Chris Ruf, U. Michigan

18
Original HIRADTechnology Road Map
Tasks
Now
Modeling and trade studies
Dual Linear Array/Integral Feed Test Article
16 Element Partial Array

or
Near Term
or
32 Element Full Array
HIRAD Aircraft Instrument
LRR Technology
2 3 Years
19
Current HIRAD Partners

• University of Central Florida
• Linwood Jones and James Johnson
• University of Michigan
• Chris Ruf and team
• RTI
• M.C. Bailey and Chi Nuygen
• NOAA Hurricane Research Division
• Peter Black and Eric Uhlhorn
• NASA MSFC
• VP61 Robbie Hood, Frank LaFontaine, Tim Miller
• VP51 Karen Stephens
• EI51 Mark James
• UAH David Simmons and Sue OBrien
• USRA Vanessa Rohwedder

20
Satellite Hurricane Imager Microwave Radiometer

• Hurricane Winds and Rain
• Instrument Development
• Partnership

NASA NOAA UCF U. Michigan
21
Wind Analysis Examples
NOAA HRD Hurricane Wind (HWIND) Analysis for
Hurricane Katrina
QuikSCAT information for Hurricane Erin compiled
by Remote Sensing Solutions
22
NOAA SFMR 29 Aug 0930 UTC
Air Force 29 Aug 0930 UTC
23
Original Hurricane Imaging Radiometer Team (HIRAD)
Dr. Linwood Jones CFRSL Algorithms and Modeling
Mr. James Johnson CFRSL Project Management
Wide Swath Imaging of Strong Wind and Heavy Rain
Hurricane Conditions
Prof. Chris Ruf U- Michigan System Design and
Calibration
Dr. MC Bailey RTI Array Design and Analysis
24
Heritage

• Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer/ 4-7 GHz
  non-scanning instrumentation developed at LaRC
  and currently flown on NOAA P-3 and USAFR 53rd
  WRS C-130
• Lightweight Rain Radiometer/10 GHz developed
  with NASA Instrument Incubator Program funding
• NASA MSFC and LaRC aircraft instrument
  development expertise
• NOAA and NASA aircraft hurricane sampling
  expertise and collaborations
• NOAA is establishing a requirement for improved
  hurricane wind observations

25
HIRad Concept
? Concept HIRad offers wide swath and high
resolution imaging from Gulfstream IV or a UAV.
Potential for spaceborne application. ?
Technology The multi-frequency, microstrip,
stacked patch, thinned array is the technology
challenge for HIRad.
HIRad wind speed simulation of Hurricane Floyd
26
Strategic Planning

• Technology Demonstration
• Laboratory brassboard demonstration at NSSTC
• Definition of design, testing, and performance
  requirements
• Aircraft Demonstration
• Fast track technology demonstration on NASA ER-2,
  DC-8, or NOAA P-3 in non-hurricane conditions in
  2008
• Operational Aircraft Reconnaissance
• NOAA P-3, G-IV, or USAFR C-130
• NASA/NOAA UAS (Global Hawk, Predator, Airship)
• Satellite Demonstration
• Small special-focus satellites for temporal
  coverage
• Sensor web enabled

27
Updated Project Activities

• HIRAD simulations and physical-based emission
  models
• Opportunity to collect off-nadir information on
  P-3
• Opportunity to develop skill in Observing Systems
  Simulation Experiment
• Antenna design and testing
• Opportunity to start dual-polarized design during
  coming months

28
Measurement Request
To Complete HIRad Radiative Transfer
Model Surface Emissivity Incidence Angle
Dependence
?EIA
Roll Angle Plane
29
SFMR Hurricane Aircraft Maneuver
30
(No Transcript)
31
Potential HIRAD Aircraft Platforms
32
3D Hurricane Winds- Competition/Collaboration

• WP3D Tail Doppler (now)- 3D winds over 80 km
  swath from 1-10 km alt. in precipitation regions
  only (NOAA)
• GIV Tail Doppler (2008)- 3D winds over 40 km
  swath from 5-18 km alt. in precipitation regions
  only (NOAA)
• Satellite Doppler (2020)- 3D winds from 1-20 km
  alt over 500 km swath similar to TRMM coverage
  (NOAA/NASA)
• Satellite Scan SAR (2013)- Surface winds over 500
  km swath similar to TRMM coverage (NASA/JPL)
• WP3D ARAP (2008)- Dual mode Doppler
  profiler/scatterometer ( Big Heavy). 20 km
  wind swath width (surface to 5 km alt) from 10 km
  alt. Saturates at 40 m/s (CAT2) winds. (NOAA/RSS)
  
• Global Hawk HWrap (2012)- AUV based dual mode
  Doppler profiler/scatterometer (light and
  compact). 20 km wind swath width (surface to 10
  km alt) from 20 km alt. Saturates at 40 m/s
  (CAT2) winds. (GSFC/RSS)
• Lagrangian Drifters- pillow size balloons to map
  winds (1-20km alt point source with 5 day
  lifetime, I.e. continuous in time) winds,
  temperature, humidity throughout hurricane with
  95 chance max wind detection with 500 balloons
  (ENSCO Corp.)