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Chapter 19: Cardiovascular

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vessels adapted to carry blood under high pressure. Three layers or tunics. Tunica ... Blood pressure. Terms for circulation. Resistance. Friction, mostly ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 19: Cardiovascular


1
Chapter 19 Cardiovascular

2
Blood Vessels

3
Arteries
  • _______________________________ vessels adapted
    to carry blood under high pressure.
  • Three layers or tunics
  • Tunica _
  • Tunica _
  • Tunica _

4
Arteries
  • Innermost tunica interna/intima
  • Separates the blood from _
  • helps to ____________________________ by
    secreting chemicals that inhibit platelet
    aggregation.
  • Provides a _

5
Arteries
  • Middle layer tunica media
  • bulk of arterial wall is _________________________
    _____ and thick layer of elastic connective
    tissue.
  • gives the vessels an ____________________________
    that helps it to stand up to the force of the
    blood pressure.

6
Arteries
  • Tunica Media
  • Activity of the smooth muscle is regulated by
    vasomotor nerves
  • From _
  • Increased impulses allow _
  • Decreased impulses allow _

7
Arteries
  • Outer layer tunica externa/adventitia
  • _________________ connective tissue with
    irregular fibers.
  • Attaches the artery to the surrounding tissues.

8
Arteries
9
Types of Arteries

10
Elastic Arteries
  • A.k.a. conducting arteries
  • Contain a lot of elastin
  • Act as pressure reservoirs
  • Keeps blood flow _________________________________
    rather than stop/start

11
Muscular arteries
  • Also distributing arteries
  • Tunica media contains more smooth muscle and
    _____________________________ than elastic
    arteries
  • .More active in _

12
Arterioles
  • Larger arterioles have all three layers
  • Small arterioles have only _
  • These vessels will feed into the capillaries

13
Capillaries
  • Connect the smallest arterioles and smallest
    venules.
  • Three types

14
Capillaries
  • Continuous
  • Abundant in _
  • Most common
  • Endothelial cells provide a continuous lining
    joined together by _
  • Gaps in membranes called _
  • Allow passage of _

15
Capillaries
  • Fenestrated
  • Contained _________________ or openings called
    fenestrations
  • ________________________________ as a result of
    fenestrations
  • Located where absorption or filtration takes
    place
  • Endocrine glands like pituitary and thyroid

16
Capillaries
  • Sinusoid
  • Also called _
  • Very _
  • Found in
  • Liver associated with macrophages called
    Kupffer cells that destroy bacteria
  • Lymph tissue _
  • Some endocrine organs
  • Fenestrated with _
  • Allows __________________________________________
    to get into the nearby tissue

17
Capillaries
  • Walls are _
  • Form a semipermeable layer through which the
    exchange of gasses and wastes take place

18
Capillaries
  • Exchange of gasses and nutrients occurs in the
    capillaries.
  • Biochemicals move through the walls by _
  • ________________________ is the most important
    means of transfer.

19
Capillaries
  • High O2 conc and nutrients, substances diffuse
    through the capillary walls and enter the tissue
    fluid.
  • _________________________________ Will diffuse
    into capillaries from tissues

20
Regulation of capillary
  • smooth muscle that encircles the capillary
    entrances.
  • ________________________________ may close a
    capillary by contracting or open it by relaxing.
  • Sphincters respond to the demands of the cell.

21
Veins and Venules
  • microscopic vessels that _
  • Veins carry _

22
Veins and Venules
  • Walls of veins are similar to arteries. Middle
    layer of venous wall is __________________________
    __ Therefore, have thinner walls
  • Lumen has _
  • Veins have ______________________, which maintain
    the blood flow in one direction.

23
Veins
  • Veins function as blood reservoirs
  • useful in times of _
  • Hemorrhaging
  • drop in arterial pressure ? muscular walls of the
    veins stimulated by _

24
Veins
  • ________________________________ helps maintain
    bp by returning more blood to the heart.
  • Ensures a nearly normal blood flow even with a
    25 blood loss.

25
Veins
  • Blood flow through the venous system depends more
    on the contraction of _________________________,
  • _________________________, and
  • ____________________________ of veins than on
    the direct result of the heart action.

26
Veins
  • Contracting muscles press on veins, squeezing the
    blood inside towards _
  • The presence of the _________________ keeps the
    blood from a backwards flow.

27
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28
Veins
  • Respiratory movements move venous blood.
  • Pressure in thoracic cavity is _________________
    as the diaphragm __________________ and the rib
    cage moves _

29
Veins
  • The pressure in the _____________________________
    as the diaphragm presses on the abdominal
    viscera.
  • the blood moves from area of _
  • from abdomen towards thoracics. (towards heart)

30
Veins
  • Veins also provide reservoir for blood.
  • With blood loss, venoconstriction can force blood
    out of the reservoir, returning blood to the
    heart.

31
Terms for circulation
  • Blood flow
  • Relatively constant at rest
  • Varies with individual organs based on need
  • Blood pressure

32
Terms for circulation
  • Resistance
  • Friction, mostly occurring peripherally
  • Causes of Peripheral resistance
  • ______________________________ Increased
    viscosity yeilds increased resistance
  • ______________________________ The longer the
    vessel the greater the resistance
  • ______________________________ the smaller the
    vessel, the greater the resistance

33
Viscosity
  • the ease with which its molecules flow past one
    another.
  • Blood cells and plasma proteins _
  • The greater the bloods resistance to flowing,
    the greater the force needed to move it through
    the system.

34
Viscosity
  • Anemia _________________________ . Lowers blood
    pressure.
  • _______________________________ increase
    viscosity and blood pressure

35
Central Venous Pressure
  • All veins except for the _________________________
    __ drain into the R atrium
  • the pressure within the right atrium is called
    the _
  • Affects the pressure within the _

36
Central Venous Pressure
  • Heart beats weakly ?_
  • blood backs up into the venous network ?raising
    its pressure.

37
Central Venous Pressure
  • if heart is beating forcefully, the _
  •  

38
Central Venous Pressure
  • Factors that _____________________________ into
    RA _
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Widespread venoconstriction.
  • Increased CVP can lead to ________________________
    _____ to the hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid
    into tissues.

39
Blood Pressure
  • Is the force the blood exerts against the _
  • Most commonly refers to pressure in the systemic _

40
Blood pressure
  • Arterial blood pressure rises and falls in a
    pattern with the phases of the cardiac cycle.
  • When ventricles contract _
  • Pressure in the arteries increases sharply.

41
Blood pressure
  • ____________________________ achieved during
    ventricular contraction is _

42
Blood pressure
  • When ventricles relax _
  • the arterial pressure ______________, and the
    __________________________ that remains in the
    arteries before the next contraction is the _

43
Blood Pressure
  • BP read as _______________________ which
    translates into
  • ventricular contraction pressure/ventricular
    relaxation pressure.

44
Pulse
  • the _________________________________ due to
    increased pressure from ventricular contraction.
  • Felt _
  • Radial artery near wrist two finger widths
    below thumb. Equal to the rate at which the left
    ventricle contracts and can be used to determine
    heart rate.
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