CC200 Classical World

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CC200 Classical World

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Rhapsodes and performance
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Reconstruction of Troy
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Mykonos Pot
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Palace at Pylos
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• Geometric Krater
• Prothesis
• Horror Vacui

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Periodization of history
1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500

End of Bronze Age 2000-1200 BCE End of Bronze Age 2000-1200 BCE
Trojan War 1186 BCE
Dorian migration? 1200-1100? Dorian migration? 1200-1100? Dorians 950
Dark / Iron Ages 1150-800/750 Dark / Iron Ages 1150-800/750    
Archaic Age 750-480 Archaic Age 750-480  
Homer 800-700
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Cultural values

• ?e??a xenía guest-friendship
• d??? díke justice
• ??et? arete excellence, virtue
• t?µ? tíme honor
• ????? kléos respect, reputation
• ??d?e?a andreia manliness
• ???? ágon competition
• a?d?? (avoidance of) aidos shame

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Cup of Nestor, ca. 750 BCE, Pithekussai,
Italy Reconstruction ??S????S ???? ???????
???????? ??S ? ?? ???? ???S? ???????
?????? ????? ??????S ?????S?? ?????S??F???
?F??????S Translation Of Nestor I am the
pleasant-to-drink-from cup Whoever drinks from
this cup, immediately him A desire will seize for
fair-crowned Aphrodite. Homeric references Homer
Odyssey 3.71-72 Athena offered Nestors
rich two-handled cup to Telemachus, Odysseus
son .... Homer Iliad 11.632-637 There was
also a cup of rare workmanship which Nestor had
brought with him from home, studded with bosses
of gold it had four handles, on each of which
there were two golden doves feeding, and it had
two feet to stand on.
Gold cup, Mycenae, 1500 BCE
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Herodotus Histories

• What does passage 2 - Herodotus Histories 8.144
  - tell us about his notions of community?
• "There is the Greek nation - the community of
  blood and language, temples and ritual, and our
  common customs .
• blood and language
• temples and ritual
• common customs

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Olympia, Sanctuary of Zeus stadium
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Colonization 750-600 BCE

• Acquisition of
• arete, time, kleos
• knowledge of other places
• economic political opportunities
• Process
• Consult Delphic oracle
• Send out nobles, landless poor, disenfranchised
  politicals, exiles, merchants
• Founder oikistes to found an oikos
• Stake out land, temenos
• Reliance on hoplites (hoplon)
• Maintain connection to mother-city
• Places to colonize southern Italy, Sicily, Black
  Sea

Chigi Vase (detail), ca. 650 BCE
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The p???? (pólis or autonomous city-state), ca.
700-500 BCE

• Colonization contributed to the sense of
  isolation and autonomy
• city-state (p???? polis) autonomous,
  self-governing, urban (?st? astu) and rural
  (???a chora)
• usually fortified with a high point (????p????
  akropolis)
• identified with the citizens (p???ta? politai)
• ruled by the best (???st?? aristoi) hence,
  aristocracy

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Persian Wars
Darius I of Persia
Modern statue of Leonidas
Trireme Olympias
Spartan hoplites
Extent of the Persian Empire
Persian Wars, 490-479 BCEReal and Imagined
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City Dionysia, Tragedy

• Spring festival
• Dionysos Eleuthereus
• End of 6th c. BCE
• Peisistratos
• Libation
• Phallus
• Choregos
• Ekstasis, enthousiasmos

• Began as Chorus, 12-15 men
• 534 Thespis introduced actor
• 472 Aeschylus, 2nd actor
• 458 Sophocles 3rd actor and scene painting
• Euripides

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City of Athens
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Theater of Dionysos, Athens
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Theater of Dionysos, Athens
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5th c. literati
Aeschylus Sophocles
Euripides Aristophanes
Herodotus Thucydides
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Animal Chorus, Comedy
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Acropolis
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Parthenon, Temple to Athena Polias, 447-432 BCE
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Entasis
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Pediments, Agon between Athena and Poseidon,
Birth of Athena
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Zeus, Apollo, Artemis
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Folding of Peplos
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• Gigantomachy -interior shield
• Amazonomacy -exterior shield
• Centauromachy -sandals
• Pandora - statue base

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Plato Socrates
Red-figure kylix, symposium scene
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The Hellenistic AgeAthens to Alexander to
Cleopatra
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Timeline
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Alexander conquers the Persian Empire
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Alexander as Pharaoh, the son of Zeus-Ammon
syncretism begins
Zeus-Ammon (Cyrene)
Alexander with hornsof Zeus Ammon
Alexander as Pharaoh (Luxor)
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Library at Alexandria scholarship begins
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Hellenistic empires ca. 150 BCE
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Cultural intellectual developmentsfrom polis
to cosmopolis

• democracy ? oligarchy monarchy Platos
  philosopher-king
• duty to polis ? duty to self individualism
  introspection
• Athenian comedy shifts from the political to the
  personal
• rise of urbanism, professionalism, rhetoric,
  koine hellenism
• Athens ? university town and center for
  philosophical schools
• Epicureanism
• Stoicism
• Cynicicsm
• Skepticism
• Neo-Platonism

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The Seven Hills of Rome and its Fortifications,
ca. 509 BCE
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Tarquinius and Lucretiaby Titian, ca.
1570Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Roman Republican values pudicitia and fides
Titus Livus (Livy) 59BCE-17CE
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Marcus Tullius Ciceroparens eloquentiae et
litterarum Latinarum
106-43 BCE
Marcus Licinius Crassus115-53 BCE
Gaius Iulius Caesar100-44 BCE
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus106-48 BCE
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Marcus Tullius Ciceroparens eloquentiae et
litterarum LatinarumEpistulae, 2nd Philippic,
de Senectute

• 1800 epistulae (900 extant)
• Major collections
• ad Atticum (to Titus Pomponius Atticus)
• 68-44 BCE, 16 books, ca. 20 letters/book
• ad Familiares (to his friends)
• 62-43 BCE, 16 books, ca. 20 letters/book
• Minor collections
• ad Quintum (to his brother Quintus)
• 59-54 BCE, 3 books
• ad Brutum (to his friend Brutus)
• 43 BCE, 2 books, ca. 26 letters total
• 2nd Philippic 44 BCE
• de Senectute (On Old Age) 44 BCE

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Battle of Actium, 31 BCEOctavian (Augustus) vs.
Cleopatra Marcus Antonius

• Cleopatra
• Marcus Antonius

Octavian
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Temple of Portunus
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Forum
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Rostra
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Capitoline and Forum
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• Polybius, Greek historian
• Scipio Aemilianus
• Imagines
• Eulogy
• Etruscan
• Veristic portraits
• Patrician

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• Plebeian
• Via Statilia
• Pudicitia pose
• Toga
• Palla

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Plan of Pompeii
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Atrium, House of the Faun
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• 1st Style wall painting

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Reconstruction of 1st Style House
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Alexander Mosaic, Philoxenos of Eretria, opus
vermiculatum
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2nd Style Wall Painting, Architectural Style,
after 80 BCE
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Trompe loeil
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Octavian succeeds Caesar defeats Antony

• 42 Caesar proclaimed a god, making Octavian divi
  filius son of a god

34 Octavian breaks with Antony 31 Octavian
Agrippa defeat Antony Cleopatra at Actium
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Augustan aureus, 28 BCEAugustus seated on the
sella curulis
LEGES ET IURA P(OPULI) R(OMANI) RESTITUIT He
restored the laws and the rights of the Roman
people I transferred the republic from my
power to the dominion of the senate and people of
Rome (RG 34) (27 BCE)
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27 BCE First settlementauctoritas, Imperator
Caesar Augustus princeps
In my sixth and seventh consulships 28-27 BC,
after I had extinguished civil wars, and at a
time when with universal consent I was in
complete control of affairs, I transferred the
republic from my power to the dominion of the
senate and people of Rome . After this time I
excelled all in influence auctoritas, although
I possessed no more official power potestas
than others who were my colleagues in the several
magistracies (RG 34). 23 BCE Second
settlement maius imperium tribunicia
potestas
My name was inserted in the hymn of the Salii by
a decree of the senate, and it was enacted by law
that my person should be inviolable for ever and
that I should hold the tribunician power for the
duration of my life (RG 10). the consulship
was also offered to me, to be held each year for
the rest of my life, and I refused it (RG 5).
68

• Augustus of Prima Porta
• (Livias villa), post-20 BCE
• Imperator in adlocutio pose (addressing the
  troops)

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I compelled the Parthians to restore to me the
spoils and standards of three Roman armies and to
ask as suppliants for the friendship of the Roman
people (RG 29)

• Details on the cuirass
• Tiberius(?) receives the standards of Crassus and
  Antony from a Parthian
• Deities represented include Apollo / Sol
• Provinces represented include Hispania, Gaul
• Personification of Tellus (Mother Earth) with
  horn of abundance (cornucopia)

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Temple of Mars Ultor (Avenger)
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Venus Mars Iulius CaesarAeneas
RomulusAugustus
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Augustus as Pontifex Maximusafter 12 BCE
I declined to be made pontifex maximus in the
place of my colleague who was still alive, when
the people offered me this priesthood which my
father had held. Some years later, after the
death of the man who had taken the opportunity of
civil disturbance to seize it for himself, I
received this priesthood, in the consulship of
Publius Sulpicius and Gaius Valgius 12 BC, and
such a concourse poured in from the whole of
Italy to my election as has never been recorded
at Rome before that time (RG 10)
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House of Augustus and Livia
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Augustus Horologium (obelisk pointed towards Ara
Pacis on his birthday, Sept. 23rd)
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Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 BCE
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Valentinos 45th anniversary celebration
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Pater Aeneas, Penates Iulus/Ascanius, Anchises
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Processional FriezeAugustus, Lictors, Marcus
Agrippa
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Marcus Agrippa, Livia, Tiberius, Antonia Minor,
Germanicus, Drusus
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Augustus Mausoleum
Res Gestae would have been displayed on the
doorposts
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Metropolitan Museum of Art
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New York kouros
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Roman galleries
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Vergil and the Muses
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Ovids Heroides (1731)
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Husbands and Wives Tirentius Neo and his Wife
(Pompeii, 1st c. CE)
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Ovids Art of Love Pompeiian fresco, 1st c. CE
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Dining Room (triclinium), Villa Rustica in
Hechingen-Stein, 1st-3rd CE
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Mosaic of Garum Amphora, Pompeii, 1st c. CE
Line 1 G(ari) F(los) The Flower of Garum
(fish sauce) belonging to the Pompeiian Garum
producer Aulus Umbricius Scaurus
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Apartment Building reconstruction (top) Apt.
Bldg., 1st c. CE, in Ostia (Romes port) House
of Diana (right)
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Painted Graffiti, Pompeii, 1st c. CEpolitical
campaigning
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Colosseum, Rome, 1st c. CE
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Circus Maximus, Palatine Hill, Temple of Jupiter
Capitolinus (bkground)
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Chariot race on funerary relief, Ostia, 2nd c. CE
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Roman bath swimming pool (natatio) Bath,
England
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Fresco of Bakery, Pompeii, 1st c. CE
Reconstruction of Bakery, Pompeii, 1st c. CE
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Funerary Relief of the Vibii Family, Augustan Age
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Woman with wax tablet, stylusPompeii, 1st c. CE
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Pohndorff Room
A Sphinxs Field Guide, by Michael Kuch