Camelids

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Camelids
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Camels- old world

• Bactrian or Dromedary ?

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Camels- old world

• Bactrian (Mongolia)
• 2 hump
• 1.4 X 106
• 402 gestation
• Dromedary (Africa/ middle east)
• 14 X 106
• 370-395 d gestation

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Camels- old world

• 30-50 yr lifespan
• 6 _at_ withers
• Seasonal polyestrous
• Uses Power, hair, meat, milk

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Llama Glama
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Llama- new world

• 20 yr lifespan
• 4_at_ withers
• Induced ovulator
• 350d gestation
• Birth weight 18-35 lbs
• UsesWool, pack, guard

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Llamas and Alpacas

• Mammalia, Ungulata, Camelidae
• Llama Glama Llama
• Llama pacos Alpaca
• Llama vicunga Vicuna
• Llama guincoe Guanaco
• Young is crea or cria
• Peru, Bolivia, Chile

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Llamas and Alpacas

• Used for burden, meat and wool
• Ruminants
• Pregastric fermentation
• Can use solely forages of wide quality range

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Ruminant Digestion

• VFA-acetic, propionic, butyric
• Absorbed
• Acetic and butyric energy or fat synthesis
• Propionic (C3) energy or gluconeogenesis

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Nitrogen Use

• Bacterial amino acids digested in abomasum and SI
• Plant amino acids converted to a higher quality
  protein
• Very efficient in use of nitrogen in bad times

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Diets

• Mix of legume/grass pasture or hay
• Free choice mineral
• Grain (vitamin and mineral balanced, sheep mix)
  only if
• Larger, faster growing crias
• Work
• Lactation
• Poor forage quality

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Forage Quality
potential to produce desired animal
response
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Forage Quality

• 1. Palatability- Will they eat it?
• 2. Intake- How much will they eat?
• 3. Digestibility- How much is digested?
• 4. Nutrient content- Adequate, imbalances?
• 5. Anti-quality components- Types, amounts?

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Factors Affecting Forage Quality

• Species grasses (C3 C4) vs. Legumes
• Maturity light, temperature, fertility
• Stem to leaf
• Harvesting storage

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Forages-Timothy
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Forages-Alfalfa
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FORAGE EVALUATION

• 1. Organoleptic
• Stage of maturity
• Leafiness
• Harvest/ storage conditions

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FORAGE EVALUATION

• 1. Organoleptic
• Color- Maillard products, weathering, etc.
• Odor- molds/fungi
• Foreign material- weeds, snakes, mice, twine,
  wire etc.

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FORAGE EVALUATION

• 2. Chemical Evaluation
• DM
• CP
• NDF
• ADF
• ADL
• TDN/DE/ME/NE

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FORAGE EVALUATION

• 3. Price
• /ton
• Silages hay equivalent basis

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THE END
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Papers are Due April 17th
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Figure 12.2 Anaerobic Fermentation using
plants to make more efficient animals
Plant Cell Walls (ADF) Cellulose
Hemicellulose Lignin (undigested)
Carbon Dioxide Methane
Glucose
ATP
Starchs, other Non-structural CHO
Acetate and Butyrate absorbed and used for energy
or fat
Bacterial Cells proteins lipid membranes
Proteins
Amino Acids
Propionate converted to glucose in intestinal
lining and liver
Fats
Fatty Acids
Ruminants bacterial cells digested Amino acids
and fats used by animal Horses cells lost in
feces Rabbits, rodents cells excreted in
cecotropes, consumed and nutrients used by animal
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Nutrient Classification
Feed
Water
Dry matter
Organic
Inorganic (Minerals)
Organic Acids
Pigments
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Lipids (fats)
Non-protein
Lignin
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Palatability/Acceptability of Diet

• Taste
• Odor
• Sight
• Texture
• Dung/urine

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FORAGE EVALUATION

• 2. Chemical Evaluation
• TDN, 54.3208 0.7387(CP)
• 0.2915(ADF)
• DE
• ADIN
• RFV (DDM)(DMI)/129
• DDM 88.9 (ADF, X 0.779)
• DMI 120/NDF
• Full bloom alfalfa RFV 100

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USDA Guidelines- Alfalfa