Phases of Matter

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Phases of Matter

• Chapter 10

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Solid

• Definite shape Fixed volume
• Cannot compress or expand
• Rigid crystal-lattice
• High density
• Particles cant move past each other but still in
  constant motion

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Liquid

• Flowing matter
• Definite volume (shape cannot be
  expanded/compressed)
• Indefinite shape (takes shape of container)
• Density similar to solids
• Particles are close together but can slide past
  each other (although not in straight or smooth
  lines-like walking on a really crowded sidewalk)

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Gas

• No definite volume (can compress and expand)
• No definite shape
• Low density
• In constant random motion are not attracted to
  each other
• Act like a hockey puck (hits wall and rebounds)
  but never loses energy (elastic collisions)
• Puts pressure on surface

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Other Types of Matter
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Plasma

• 4th State?
• Ionized gas at HIGH temperatures
• Neutral but electrons free
• Found in stars, suns, lightning, flames

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Liquid Crystals

• A liquid but molecules stay in rows
• (LCD Screens)

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Amorphous Materials

• A solid with an incomplete crystal lattice

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Bose-Einstein Condensate

• 5th Type of Matter?
• Predicted in the 20s, found in the 80s
• Gas at LOW temperatures (absolute zero)
• Particles act together

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Temperature

• The measure of the average kinetic energy of the
  particles
• Heat is always transferred from a warmer object
  to a cooler object (cool object does not cool off
  a warmer object!)

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Fahrenheit

• NEVER use this scale in the lab!
• Water freezes 32 F
• Water boils 212 F
• Gabriel Fahrenheit
• 1686-1736
• (German physicist)

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Celsius

• Use this scale in the lab
• Water freezes 0 C
• Water boils 100 C
• Anders Celsius
• 1701-1744
• (Swedish astronomer)

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Kelvin

• 0 K Zero kinetic energy absolute zero
• No particles would be moving
• This has never been reached!
• 0 K -273 C -459 F
• Lord Kelvin
• 1824-1907
• Scottish mathematician

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Changing States
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• Melting
• solid to a liquid
• Heat of fusion
• energy absorbed (but no temperature change)

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• Vaporization
• (Evaporation, boiling)
• Liquid to a gas
• Heat of Vaporization
• Energy absorbed (but no temp change)

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• Freezing
• (crystallization, solidification)
• Liquid to a solid
• Heat of solidification
• Energy released (but no temp change)
• Same as heat of fusion but opposite

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• Condensation
• Gas to a liquid
• Heat of condensation
• Energy released (but no temp change)
• Same as heat of vaporization but opposite

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• Sublimation
• Solid to a liquid

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• Deposition
• Gas to a solid

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• Freezing Point Melting Point
• Boiling Point Condensation Point

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