Diesel Hybrid Automobiles and a Greener, More Independent Future

1
Introduction

• Diesel Hybrid Automobiles and a Greener, More
  Independent Future
• Weston Eidson weston_at_webmail.us

2
History

• First Hybrid Vehicles
• Jacob Lohner Co in Vienna, Austria produced
  electric cars from 1898 to 1906.Ferdinand
  Porsche, one of Lohners employees developed a
  drive system based on fitting an electric motor
  to each front wheel without transmissions (hub
  mounted). Vehicles of this type were known as
  Lohner-Porsches.

3
History Cont.

• Racing version of the front wheel driven,
  petrol-electric Lohner "Porsche - This vehicle
  was entered in the 1900 "Semmering" race and is
  driven by Dr. Porsche him self.
• Too Expensive to Compete with conventional
  propulsion so they were abandoned.
• Some claim Porsche invented the first four wheel
  drive car which was also a hybrid.

4
History Cont.

• Main reason for the early development was to
  assist the meager power of the internal
  combustion engine, when this was no longer needed
  the idea of the electric hybrid went dormant for
  decades.
• In 1905 H. Piper filed a patent for a
  petrol-electric hybrid vehicle. His idea was to
  use an electric motor to assist an
  internal-combustion engine, mainly to augment the
  ICE to let the vehicle accelerate to 40
  kilometers (25 miles) per hour in 10 seconds,
  instead of the usual 30. By the time the patent
  was issued, three and a half years later, engines
  had become powerful enough to achieve this kind
  of performance on their own.
• From 1897 to 1907, the Compagnie Parisienne des
  Voitures Electriques (roughly, Paris Electric Car
  Company), built a series of electric and hybrid
  vehicles, including the 1903 Krieger. With
  front-drive and power steering, the Krieger
  wasn't built in much quantity. One model ran on
  alcohol, and there was another version with what
  has been described as a gasoline-turbine engine
  in those times, the term "turbine" sometimes
  meant generator."
• Cheap petrol and advances in ICE and automobile
  production in general (Henry Ford) gradually
  killed off the Hybrid "Cars".

5
History Cont.

• A notable exceptions is the1921 Owen Magnetic
  Model 60 Touring which uses a gasoline engine to
  run a generator that supplies electric power to
  motors mounted in each of the rear wheels.
• Similar to Submarines

6
History Cont.

• Hybrid cars did not appear again until the in
  1960's and 1970's, when cars like the 1965 GM512
  and especially the 1973 VW Taxi Hybrid Vehicle
  which was produced in the wake of the Arab Oil
  embargo.
• But Hybrid Vehicle technology did not disappear
  its development continued in another arena.

7
Chicagos Own Pioneer Zephyr

• Record time from Denver to Chicago using
  Diesel-Electric power
• 1934 made the 1,015 mile trip in just over 13
  hours with an average speed of 77 MPH
• 112.5 mph

8
Zephyrs Locomotion

• The Pioneer Zephyr, like modern locomotives, is
  essentially an electric train that doesn't need
  overhead wires or a third rail. Instead, it
  generates the electricity it needs with its own
  diesel power plant on board.
• The generator converts the mechanical power
  output of the diesel engine into electricity.
• Here's How The engine crankshaft extends into
  the generator, where it is wrapped with coils of
  conducting wire and is surrounded by a stationary
  magnetic field. A DC electric current is produced
  in the coil as the shaft rotates in the magnetic
  field. The electricity runs motors that turn the
  wheels, setting the train in motion.
• The Pioneer Zephyr could generate up to 750 volts
  of electricity to move the train.

9
Zephyrs Locomotion Cont.

• The Zephyr's diesel-electric power plant
  generated 600 horsepower, making the Zephyr more
  energy efficient than steam locomotives. But a
  new kind of engine was only one improvement in
  CBQ's revolutionary train. The next step was to
  put the engine in an equally efficient body.
• Diesel-electric locomotives are more efficient
  than steam locomotives at turning heat into
  useful mechanical energy. In a steam locomotive,
  burning fuel boils water, converting it into
  steam. The expanding steam pushes the pistons
  that turn the wheels. A lot of heat, or energy,
  is lost in making and delivering steam.
• In a diesel-electric locomotive, burning diesel
  fuel pushes the pistons directly. Converting this
  mechanical energy at the traction motors for the
  wheels occurs with much less heat loss.
• This is why diesel-electric locomotives can
  convert up to 40 of the heat from burning fuel
  into useful power. Steam locomotives could rarely
  do better than 6 because of their greater heat
  loss.

10
In Chicago U-505

• Diesel on the Surface
• Diesel engines propelled U-boats on the surface,
  while electric motors provided power underwater.
  The U-505 had two nine-cylinder, 2,200
  horsepower, turbocharged diesel engines, each of
  which turned a screw or propeller. Using diesel
  power, the U-505 had a top speed of 18.3 knots.
  Cruising at 12 knots, the U-505 could travel as
  far as 11,000 nautical miles before having to
  refuel. At times, temperatures in U-505s diesel
  engine room exceeded 100F, and the noise was
  literally deafening. To make matters worse, the
  fumes made the crews food taste like diesel
  fuel.
• Electric when Submerged
• When U-boats dove, the only air for the crew to
  breathe came from air trapped in the boat and a
  small number of oxygen bottles. The U-505 could
  not use the diesel engines underwater because the
  engines would have consumed all the available air
  and created exhaust, causing the crew to
  suffocate. Before diving, the diesel engines were
  disconnected so that two 500 horsepower,
  battery-powered electric motors could propel the
  boat underwater. Running on the electric motors,
  U-505 reached a top speed of 7 knots. After
  traveling a maximum of 63 miles, the boat was
  forced to surface and use its diesel engines to
  recharge its electric batteries.

11
Hybrid Electric Vehicle

• Though not todays hybrids the previous examples
  laid the groundwork.
• The Subs Could Run on Only Diesel Power However.

12
Diesel Over Gasoline

• New Diesel cars produce less carbon dioxide and
  nitrous oxide and get 20 to 40 percent better
  mileage than vehicles already on the market.
• Revised federal pollution rules that took effect
  in January reduce the allowable sulfur content of
  diesel fuel from 500 to 15 parts per million, and
  the new cars are outfitted with sophisticated
  exhaust and filtering systems that further cut
  pollution.
• Consumers will pay extra for a diesel, though not
  as much as the 2,000 to 7,000 tacked on to the
  price of gas-electric hybrids. For instance, a
  Mercedes-Benz E320 diesel sedan costs about
  1,000 more than a similar gas model.
• But it gets more than 35 miles per gallon, about
  10 miles per gallon better than a comparable
  gas-fueled Mercedes.

13
Diesel Over Gasoline Cont.

• Makers of diesel vehicles say they also are
  prepared to seek a consumer tax break similar to
  the one hybrid buyers enjoy, about a 2,000
  federal deduction.
• Chrysler, which is owned by German automaker
  DaimlerChrysler and also makes Dodge and Jeep
  brands, will offer diesel-powered passenger cars.
  But Ford Motor Co. and General Motors Corp. plan
  to limit their diesel business to trucks until
  they see how the American market for passenger
  cars unfolds.

14
Diesel Over Gasoline Cont.

• Autobytel Inc., an online auto marketplace,
  showed 72 percent of Americans would "absolutely"
  consider buying a diesel vehicle.
• J.D. Power and Associates forecasts that diesels,
  which currently account for just 3.4 percent of
  the cars on the road in the United States, will
  hit 15 percent within eight years. By comparison,
  J.D. Power projects that by 2011 hybrids will
  have only about 3 percent of the market, 11 years
  after the first one came ashore.

15
Diesel Over Gasoline Cont.

• unlike gas-powered cars, diesels do not emit high
  levels of carbon dioxide, a critical greenhouse
  gas. Diesel pollution has come from nitrous oxide
  and particulate emissions, which contribute to
  smog and acid rain. But the new fuel, used with
  the new filter and exhaust systems, significantly
  cuts so-called "nox" and particulate emissions.
• A four-cylinder diesel engine also can be more
  powerful than a similar-size six-cylinder
  gasoline engine, and a six-cylinder diesel can
  best a gas-guzzling V-8. Diesel-powered
  eight-cylinder SUVs, such as the line
  Mercedes-Benz intends to introduce next year, can
  achieve at least 24 miles per gallon, far better
  than the 10 to 16 miles per gallon many SUVs get.
  
• Durability is another selling point for diesels,
  say automakers. Because the engines are so well
  made, it is not uncommon for them to last 500,000
  miles, whereas a gasoline engine that logs
  150,000 miles is considered ancient.
• Urea, a common chemical compound, will have to be
  periodically replenished by owners, causing the
  Environmental Protection Agency to worry it will
  not be done but onboard computers can remind
  drivers and if need be limit the performance of
  the vehicle until the reservoir is filled,
  similar to filling windshield wiper fluid.

16
How Hybrids Work

• http//videos.howstuffworks.com/mazda-hybrid-video
  .htm

17
Diesel Hybrid Best of Both Worlds

• source at BMW is still confident that current
  diesels have hybrids beat. "Hybrid cars are very
  good for slow and stop-start driving but not so
  good at higher speeds. Overall, our diesel
  vehicles are still more economical." A
  diesel-hybrid could be even more economical.

18
Problem Has Been Price

• More Expensive Engine
• Buckling the Systems
• Chassis

19
How the Diesel Hybrid WorksCase Study, Peugeot
Citroën

• Hybrid technology using a petrol engine is not
  very competitive financially, and does not offer
  significantly better fuel economy or CO2 emission
  performance than a conventional HDi diesel
  engine. However, PSA Peugeot Citroën believes
  that combining a hybrid powertrain with an HDi
  engine would constitute a step change in terms of
  improved fuel economy and lower CO2 emissions in
  Europe, where diesel engines are already widely
  used.
• PSA Peugeot Citroën statement

20
Case Study Cont.

• Model year 2010, Looks Closest to coming to
  Market, At least in Europe
• The hybrids deliver average combined city and
  highway fuel consumption of 3.4 liters per 100
  kilometers (69 mpg US), with 90 grams of CO2
  emitted per kilometera tank-to-wheel record for
  compact cars, the most popular segment in Europe.
  This is about 25 better than a similar vehicle
  equipped with a gasoline hybrid system, or as
  much as a liter per 100 kilometers in combined
  city and highway driving.
• Todays Toyota Prius is estimated at 52/45 MPG

21
Case Study Cont.

• PSA Peugeot Citroëns Hybrid HDi technology
  includes
• 1.6-liter HDi engine and diesel particulate
  filter system (DPFS)
• New-generation Stop Start system
• Electric motor and inverter
• High-voltage battery pack
• Dedicated control electronics
• All-electric mode for speeds under 50 kilometers
  an hour (31 mph)
• Driver selection of Extended ZEV (Zero Emission
  Vehicle, i.e., all-electric) mode
• Electronically-managed gearbox

22
Case Study Cont.
23
Case Study Cont.

• Engine
• The prototype marks the first combination of the
  1.6-liter, 66 kW HDi engine with the latest
  generation Stop Start system. The company added
  a dedicated control system to the engine, using
  operating instructions coordinated directly by
  the powertrain management unit (PTMU), most
  notably for engine starts and stops, while also
  guaranteeing delivery of the torque required by
  the driver.
• The engine, with the diesel particulate filter
  system (DPFS), meets Euro-4 standards.

• Toyota Prius
• Gasoline engine 1.5-L, 16-valve, 4-cylinder,
• cast-aluminum block and head, EFI Atkinson-
• cycle VVTi (Variable Valve Timing with
• intelligence), 1301 compression ratio, 70 hp
• at 4,500 rpm, 82 lb-ft of torque at 4,200 rpm

24
Case Study Cont.
25
Case Study Cont.
26
Case Study Cont.

• Stop Start system. The Stop Start system used
  in the Hybride HDi powertrain is based on the
  technology integrated in both the Citroën C2 and
  C3. The new system has 40 more power than the
  first generation to support the easier starting
  of the 1.6-liter diesel.
• In the hybrid powertrain, the Stop Start system
  restarts the ICE. While the Stop Start function
  is only used on the C3 when the vehicle is
  stationary, the engine stop function can occur at
  any given moment on the Hybride HDi, as soon as
  the vehicles speed falls below 60 kilometers an
  hour (37 mph).

27
Case Study Cont.

• Electric motor and inverter, The synchronous
  permanent magnet electric motor develops 16 kW of
  continuous power, with 80 Nm of torque. It offers
  peak power of 23 kW and 130 Nm to meet occasional
  demand from the driver.
• PSA Peugeot Citroën opted for the volume and
  performance of the motor to ensure that the
  all-electric mode would be used for speeds up to
  50 kilometers per houra speed typical of city
  driving.
• Connected to the inverter, the motor operates in
  a voltage range from 210 to 380 volts. In the
  restricted space available, this electric
  motor/inverter does not enable use of the
  conventional engine cooling circuit, whose
  typical temperature is too high. Water cooling is
  therefore provided by a special radiator and a
  low-temperature cooling circuit at 60C.
• For main road and highway driving, the electric
  motor can provide a 35 power boost for extra
  acceleration.

• Toyota Prius
• Electric motor Three-phase AC permanent
• magnet with peak power of 33 kW/44 hp
• at 1,0405,600 rpm, peak torque of
• 350.0 N-m/258 lb/ft (0400 rpm)

28
Case Study Cont.

• Battery system. The battery pack consists of 240
  NiMH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) cells that deliver 23
  kW of power at a nominal voltage of 288 volts.
  The cells are cooled by special air intakes that
  recover air from the passenger compartment,
  taking advantage of its temperature control.
• There is also a conventional 12V storage battery,
  which continues to handle its usual functions.
• The high-voltage battery pack fits in the rear
  part of the Groups platform 2 vehicles (base for
  the Peugeot 307 and Citroën C4) in place of the
  spare tire, following a slight modification to
  the cut-out in this compartment. Adding the
  batteries does not reduce trunk capacity for any
  of the vehicles.

• Toyota Prius
• Battery Sealed nickel-metal hydride battery,
• 274 volts

29
Case Study Cont.

• All-electric mode Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV).
  The driver can use a special switch to access an
  extended all-electric mode that expands the
  operating range for the vehicle in this mode. In
  this case, the ICE is only activated for more
  prolonged acceleration.
• The extended all-electric mode is de-activated
  either automatically, when the high-voltage
  battery pack no longer has a sufficient charge,
  or manually, by using the dedicated switch.

30
Case Study Cont.

• Economics and Future. PSA Peugeot Citroën says
  that while it could market its Hybride HDi
  vehicles as early as 2010, the introduction is
  dependent upon its ability to make the technology
  available at an affordable price.
• Today, the price gap between a Hybride HDi model
  and a comparable diesel HDi model is still too
  wide and would have to be halved to make diesel
  hybrid vehicles accessible to most consumers.
• The Group is planning a two-pronged approach to
  reach that goal
• Extensive RD on the four areas that generate
  most of the extra cost high-voltage batteries,
  electric motor/generator, inverter and the
  regenerative braking system.
• Unite the expertise of equipment manufacturers
  and research laboratories to focus on this
  project.
• PSA Peugeot Citroën has asked the French Agency
  for Industrial Innovation to support the project.

31
Case Study Cont.
32
Case Study Cont. CO2

• Band CO2 emissions
• A lt100 g/km
• B 101-120 g/km
• Peugeot Citroën Has Tested at (80 g/km) city and
  (90 g/km) highway

• Examples
• Honda Insight petrol electric hybrid (80 g/km)
• Smart diesel (90 g/km)
• Toyota Prius 1.5 litre petrol-electric hybrid
  (104 g/km)
• Smart car 0.7 litre petrol (113 g/km)
• Citroen C2 1.4 litre diesel (108 g/km)
• Ford Fiesta 1.4 diesel (114 g/km CO2)

33
Smart Car Diesel Hybrid

• The diesel hybrid version of the smart car
  consumes just 2.9 liters of fuel/100 km (81 mpg
  US).
• The diesel hybrid combines a 20 kW electric motor
  with the 30 kW (40 hp) diesel engine. The design
  is much the same as Crosstown (gasoline) hybrid,
  with the electric motor providing start-stop
  functionality, drive assistance, shift delay
  bridging and regenerative braking.
• Because the cars shift delays are bridged by the
  electric motor, it only needs 17.8 seconds to
  accelerate from zero to 100 km/h. Thats ten
  percenttwo secondsbetter than with a
  conventional diesel drive.

34
Smart Car Diesel Hybrid Cont.

• The Diesel Is Much More Economical in terms of
  MPG
• No Commercial Plans Yet However

35
Where Are We Now? Chicago CTA

• Chicago, Among Other Cities Has a Small Test
  Fleet of Diesel Hybrid Busses.
• Hybrid buses are a good example of what Ive
  been saying for some time there really is no
  downside when it comes to protecting the
  environment, said Mayor Daley. It improves
  public health it beautifies the city it saves
  money and it enhances the quality of life.
• The New Flyer hybrid bus is powered by both a
  diesel engine and electric motor for improved
  fuel efficiency and up to a 90 percent reduction
  in emissions compared to a diesel powered bus.

36
Chicago CTA Cont.

• We will be evaluating the performance of these
  hybrid buses in Chicagos extreme weather
  conditions and compare the two types of drive
  systems to determine if hybrid buses are suitable
  as future additions to CTAs fleet, said CTA
  President Frank Kruesi. Other new buses in our
  fleet are equipped with low-emission engines that
  produce 60 percent fewer emissions than the buses
  they are replacing, so if the hybrids perform
  well, we have the potential for emission levels
  to fall even further.
• The 20 hybrid buses are part of CTAs larger
  investment of 650 low-emission buses that are
  replacing aging buses in CTAs fleet. The buses
  are manufactured by New Flyer in St. Cloud,
  Minnesota. The average cost of a hybrid bus is
  530,000, compared to 341,000 for a standard
  diesel bus.
• Notice the Battery Packs on top of the bus

37
Chicago CTA Cont.

• Emission levels from CTA buses in 2005 was 22
  percent of 564 tons less than the annual emission
  level in 1997, even as ridership has grown by 12
  percent over the same period. By converting to
  ultra low sulfur diesel fuel in 2003, the CTA is
  well ahead of schedule in implementing the 2007
  Federal Emission requirements for reduced
  particulate matter and carbon monoxide.

38
Chicago CTA Cont.The Two Forms Of Hybrids
Discussed

• The first 10 hybrid buses to arrive will be
  equipped with a parallel drive system, which is
  similar to a hybrid system found in a car. An
  on-board computer blends the diesel engine power
  and the electric motor power from the battery
  unit for optimum efficiency. When the vehicle
  leaves a stop, it will operate initially on
  electric power and as its speed increases, it
  will operate on a combination of electric power
  and diesel engine power until it reaches an
  optimum speed where it will operate entirely on
  the diesel engine.
• The second 10 to arrive will be equipped with a
  series drive system, which is a more traditional
  generator-driven traction motor propulsion
  system. In this system, the diesel engine runs a
  generator. The generator provides electric power
  to the traction motors which, in turn, power the
  bus. A computer manages power to the traction
  motors and battery. At certain times during
  operation, the bus runs on generator power or
  battery power.

39
Second Form of Hybrid

• Mild Hybrid Chevrolet found 10 increase in
  fuel economy by shutting down and restarting the
  engine on demand .
• Conventional vehicles with oversized starter
  motors, allowing the engine to be turned off
  whenever the car is coasting, braking, or
  stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly.
  Accessories can continue to run on electrical
  power while the engine is off
• Some have Regenerative Braking
• Many people do not consider these to be hybrids
  at all since they do not have hybrid drivetrains
  (there is no electric motor to drive the
  vehicle), and these vehicles do not achieve the
  fuel economy of full hybrid models.

40
Future of Diesel Hybrids

• Aptera hybrid is to be built from lightweight
  composites, and designed to deliver its 330 mpg
  in normal city and highway driving and
  demonstrate acceleration and handling similar to
  that of a Honda Insight.
• Production powertrain will consist of a 12 hp (9
  kW) diesel engine with a 25 hp (19 kW) permanent
  magnet DC motor. (Accelerated Composites is
  designing the prototype with a gasoline engine
  for cost.) The electric motor is coupled through
  a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) when
  the engine is off the car can run on the electric
  motor alone.
• The company plans to use ultracapacitors for
  energy storage, although it is working with
  lightweight lead gauze batteries in the
  prototype. (Lead gauze batteries suspend the
  electrolyte in a gauze material.)
• The Aptera weighs 850 lbs and is made almost
  entirely of lightweight composites, based on
  Accelerated Composites Panelized Automated
  Composite Construction (PAC2) process. It
  accelerates from 060 mpg in 11 seconds, and has
  a top speed of 95 mph.

41
Future of Diesel Hybrids Cont.

• BMW Rumor
• source at BMW is still confident that current
  diesels have hybrids beat. "Hybrid cars are very
  good for slow and stop-start driving but not so
  good at higher speeds. Overall, our diesel
  vehicles are still more economical." A
  diesel-hybrid could be even more economical.
• working on diesel hybrid versions of its 5-Series
  sedan and X5 sport utility vehicle, both in time
  for 2010.

42
Future of Diesel Hybrids Cont.

• Based on the new 2006 Mercedes-Benz S-Class, the
  Bluetec Hybrid uses what the company claims to be
  the "cleanest diesel in the world." A process
  called Selective Catalytic Reduction--literally
  the use of urea injected into the
  exhaust--neutralizes gases and reduces nitrogen
  oxide emissions by 80 percent.
• The hybrid system allows a twenty-percent
  reduction in fuel consumption compared to a
  conventional S-Class diesel.
• Zero to sixty mph in just over seven
  seconds--about as fast a gasoline-powered V-6
  S-class
• However looks as though the company will prefer
  to further research fuel cells

43
Future of Diesel Hybrids Cont.

• Toyota to sell diesel hybrid by 2010 thanks to
  Isuzu
• Toyota's recent purchase of a 5.9 stake in Isuzu
  will bear fruit in 2010 when the Japanese
  juggernaut marries its Synergy hybrid drive
  system with a diesel engine. Presumably such a
  hook up was made possible, or at least hastened,
  by the expertise in diesels that Isuzu brings to
  the table.
• as diesel engines excel in efficiency when
  cruising at highway speeds, much more so than a
  gasoline engine, which to this point has always
  been the electric motor's dance partner in modern
  hybrids.
• JapanToday is reporting that a Toyota subcompact
  with this diesel hybrid drivetrain will be
  available as soon as 2010.

44
Future of Diesel Hybrids Cont.

• 1.7-liter CDTI engine, delivers up to 25 to 30
  percent improved fuel economy
• 59 miles per gallon
• Integrating both hybrid and diesel technology
  could add up to 8,000 to the price of a vehicle,
  which may limit its appeal to American consumers.
  "Even (with gas at) 3 a gallon, 8,000 (more) is
  a lot to pay."
• DaimlerChrysler's future diesel hybrids will be
  based on the hybrid technology being developed
  with GM and would be available in late 2007 or
  early 2008, according to Quinnell. In the future,
  "Adding the hybrid option would be an option to
  check off," as customers do today to request a
  turbo-charged engine, Quinnell said.

45
Future of Diesel Hybrids Cont.

• Ford Concept Making Hybrids Sporty and Cool with
  a Lithium Ion battery, 65 mpg , All-Wheel Drive,
  and a Solar Catching Sun Roof to Power the Lights

46
Customize to Hybridize

• California Motors
• Hybrid Powertrain Additions
• Bio-Diesel Hybrid
• There is a natural compliment between the
  properties of a diesel engine and the properties
  of an electric motor. Working together these two
  propulsion methods create an optimal system for
  moving large mass with quick acceleration and
  maximum fuel efficiency. Military implementations
  have yielded not only maximum performance, but
  also stealthy operation in combat scenarios.
  Hybrid Buses and shuttles benefit tremendously
  given their frequent stops and starts.
  http//www.calmotors.com/

47
This Just In

• Zytek
• Standard vehicle Zytek dual mode hybrid Fuel
  economy (Urban) 5.9l/100km, 47.9 mpg No fuel used
  in electric drive
• Fuel economy (Combined) 4.6l/100km, 61.4 mpg
  3.2l/100km, 88mpg (corrected to charge neutral,
  ie with no net change in battery state of charge)
• Overall CO2 (Tank-wheel) 121g/km 85g/km
  Acceleration 0-100kph 15.53s Under 12s (about
  0-60)

48
This Just In Cont.

• Plug in
• Dual Mode
• Todays passenger car production hybrids are
  either parallel or dual mode systems. Pure series
  hybrids offer high efficiency at low speeds but
  this greatly reduces as speed increases, and
  hence this drivetrain only finds application in
  low speed, stop start vehicles such as inner city
  buses. Parallel hybrids have the internal
  combustion engine permanently coupled to the
  wheels so are more efficient at high speeds, but
  offer less flexibility to optimise the drive for
  low speed duty cycles.
• A new generation of dual mode transmissions offer
  the ability to operate in series or parallel mode
  so the drive can be optimised for each operating
  condition, but they are generally more complex
  and therefore larger and more expensive. There
  are also inevitable compromises in todays
  production dual-mode designs.
• Zyteks novel solution is a dual-mode hybrid that
  eliminates these compromises by using
  sophisticated control strategies to replace
  clutches and complex epicyclic gearsets. In
  addition to the many advantages of dual-mode
  operation, this reduces component count,
  eliminates wearing friction surfaces, reduces
  packaging volume and substantially reduces
  manufacturing costs. The design also allows each
  motor to be optimised for its function within the
  drivetrain.

49
This Just In Cont.

• Five Door Competition
• 5,000 Grant from UK Government

50
Conclusion

• Less Diesel Consumed, Less Dependant
• Diesel Also Can Use Bio Fuel to Further Reduce
  Dependency
• Can be Cheaper to Create/Refine Diesel