Worldwide Review and Overall Prediction of Water Reuse Standards

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Worldwide Review and Overall Prediction of
Water Reuse Standards
Author , Yucheng Feng, M.Sc.
Supervisors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Knut Wichmann
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf Otterpohl
Institute of Water Ressources and Water
Supply Institute of Wastwater Management and
Water Protection Hamburg University of
Technology, Germany
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Content

• Overview
• Review
• General overview
• Four examples
• Australia
• USA
• China
• Mediterranean region
• Prospect

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Overview General

• Planned water reuse starts from ancient time
• More programs dramatically progressed in last 2
  decades
• Reuse standards/guidelines has been developed
• They are found in most parts of the globe
• Asia (Far East, Middle East), North America,
  South America, Oceania
• But many European countries do not have, e.g.
  Germany, UK, France, etc.so they adopted either
  WHO guidelines (1983) or EU bathing water
  standard (1976)
• Very often national and local standards/guidelines
  exists simultaneously
• Reuse standards vary very much from nation to
  nation, even from region to region within the
  country

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Overview WHO

• In 2003 WHO issued the WHO Guidelines for the
  Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater
• Try to provide the methodology and the base to
  countries for setting up their own
  standards/guidelines
• Four volumes
• 1. Policy And Regulatory Aspects
• 2. Wastewater Use In Agriculture
• 3. Wastewater And Excreta Use In Aquaculture
• 4. excreta and greywater use in agriculture
• Mainly concern
• health Protection
• environmental protection

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Overview Application Field
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Overview Critical Parameters

• Affecting Factors
• Public health Protection Use requirement
• Environmental protection Aesthetics consideration
• Economics Political realities
• Main parameters
• physical
• turbidity ? SS ? temperature
• chemical
• pH ? inorganics ? heavy metals
• BOD/COD ? TOC ? nitrogen ? phosphorous
• microbiological
• total coli./fecal coli./E.coli ? Helminth eggs
  ? Viruses
• controlling
• Chlorine residual ? DO

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Overview Standards/guidelines types

• Two general ways to set up the standards/guideline
  s
• As classes
• controlled the parameters are categorised in
  several classes
• As groups of end use
• controlled the parameters are set up for each
  group of end uses

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Review Value summation

• Most considered parameters and their value ranges

Parameter Significance for Water Reuse Treatment Goal in Reclaimed Water
TSS Measures of particles. Can be related to microbial contamination. Can interfere with disinfection. Clogging of irrigation systems. Deposition. lt5 - 30 mg SS/L
Turbidity Measures of particles. Can be related to microbial contamination. Can interfere with disinfection. Clogging of irrigation systems. Deposition. lt0.1 - 30 NTU
BOD5 Organic substrate for microbial growth. Can cause bacterial regrowth in distribution systems and microbial fouling. lt10 - 45 mg BOD/L
COD Organic substrate for microbial growth. Can cause bacterial regrowth in distribution systems and microbial fouling. lt20 - 90 mg COD/L
TOC Organic substrate for microbial growth. Can cause bacterial regrowth in distribution systems and microbial fouling. lt1 - 10 mg C/L
Total coli. Measure of risk of infection due to potential presence of pathogens. Can favor bio-fouling in cooling systems. lt1 - 104 cfu/100mL
Fecal coli. Measure of risk of infection due to potential presence of pathogens. Can favor bio-fouling in cooling systems. lt1 - 103 cfu/100mL
Chlorine residual To prevent bacterial regrowth. Excessive amount of free chlorine (gt0.05) can damage sensitive crops 0.5 - gt1 mg Cl/L
Nitrogen Fertilizer for irrigation. Can contribute to algal growth, corrosion (N-NH4) and scale formation (P). lt1 30 mg N/L
Phosphorus Fertilizer for irrigation. Can contribute to algal growth, corrosion (N-NH4) and scale formation (P). lt1 - 20 mg P/L
(Source USEPA 2004)
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Review Australia

• Universally, the country has the water scarcity
• Water reuse has been long time investigated and
  practiced
• Each state developed their own reuse programs

state name year
Nation National Guidelines for Water Recycling (Draft) 2006
ACT Australian Capital Territory Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation 1999
NSW New South Wales Guidelines for Urban and Residential Use of Reclaimed Water 1993
QLD Queensland Water Recycling Guidelines 2005
SA South Australian Reclaimed Water Guidelines 1999
Tas. Environmental Guidelines for the Use of Recycled Water in Tasmania 2002
Vic. Victoria Guidelines for Environmental Management Use of Reclaimed Water 2003
WA Code of Practice for the Reuse of Greywater in Western Australia 2005
NSW another one Guidelines for the Utilisation
of Treated Wastewater on Land is announced as
Draft since 1993, still not available Queensland
new one Recycled Water Regulatory Guidelines
will soon entry into force
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Review Australia
class Nation ACT NSW QLD SA Tas. Vic. WA
Median Total Coli. (/100 mL) A lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 300 (max lt 2,000) lt 10 lt 10 lt 10 lt 10 lt 10
Median Total Coli. (/100 mL) B lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 750 (max lt 5,000) lt 100 lt 100 lt 1,000 lt 100 lt 10
Median Total Coli. (/100 mL) C lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 3,000 (max lt 14,000) lt 1000 lt 1,000 lt 10,000 lt 1,000 lt 10
Median Total Coli. (/100 mL) D lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 100 lt 1000 lt 10,000 lt 10,000 lt 10,000 without lt 10,000 lt 10
Turbidity (NTU) A 2 (or 5) 2 lt 2
Turbidity (NTU) B lt 20
Turbidity (NTU) C lt 20
Turbidity (NTU) D without lt 20
SS (mgL-1) A lt 30 TDS (1,000) 5 lt 5 lt 20
SS (mgL-1) B lt 30 TDS (1,000) 30 lt 30 lt 30 lt 20
SS (mgL-1) C lt 30 TDS (1,000) 30 lt 30 lt 30 lt 20
SS (mgL-1) D lt 30 TDS (1,000) Without lt 30 lt 20
BOD5(mgL-1) A lt 20 lt 2 20 lt 20 lt 10 lt 10 lt 30
BOD5(mgL-1) B lt 20 lt 2 20 lt 20 lt 50 lt 20 lt 30
BOD5(mgL-1) C lt 20 lt 2 20 lt 20 lt 80 lt 20 lt 30
BOD5(mgL-1) D lt 20 lt 2 without lt 20 lt 30
Nation no class, only different uses,
parameters are set up case to case ACT no
class, end uses fall into 10 groups WA no
class, the guidelines are only for household
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Review USA

• Number of States with Regulations or Guidelines
• Regulations 26 states Guidelines 15 states
  Non 9 states
• Most well-known California Code of Regulations,
  Title 17 and 22
• USEPA summarised them and categorised them based
  on the type of reuse

Type of Reuse States
1 Unrestricted Urban 28
2 Restricted Urban 34
3 Agricultural (Food Crops) 21
4 Agricultural (Non-food Crops) 40
5 Unrestricted Recreational 7
6 Restricted Recreational 9
7 Environmental (Wetlands) 3
8 Industrial 9
9 Groundwater Recharge (Nonpotable Aquifer) 5
10 Indirect Potable Reuse 5
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Review USA
(NR non regulated) Type of Reuse (NR non regulated) Type of Reuse (1)total/(2)fecal coli. /100 ml (1) (2) (1) (2) (1)total/(2)fecal coli. /100 ml (1) (2) (1) (2) (1)total/(2)fecal coli. /100 ml (1) (2) (1) (2) (1)total/(2)fecal coli. /100 ml (1) (2) (1) (2) (3)Turb.(NTU)/(4)TSS(mg/l) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3)Turb.(NTU)/(4)TSS(mg/l) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3)Turb.(NTU)/(4)TSS(mg/l) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3)Turb.(NTU)/(4)TSS(mg/l) (3) (4) (3) (3) BOD5 (mg/l ) BOD5 (mg/l ) BOD5 (mg/l ) BOD5 (mg/l )
(NR non regulated) Type of Reuse (NR non regulated) Type of Reuse California Florida Washing-ton USEPA California Florida Washing-ton USEPA California Florida Washing-ton USEPA
1 Unrestricted Urban avg max 2.2 23 75no 25 2.2 23 0 2 5 5 2 5 2 20 30 10
2 Restricted Urban avg max 23 240 75no 25 23 240 200 5 2 5 30 (TSS) 20 30 30
3 Agricultural (Food Crops) avg max 2.2 23 75no 25 2.2 23 0 2 5 5 2 5 2 20 30 10
4 Agricultural (Non-food ..) avg max 23 240 200 800 23 240 200 20 2 5 30 (TSS) 20 30 30
5 Unrestricted Recreational avg max 2.2 23 NR 2.2 23 0 2 5 NR 2 5 2 NR 30 10
6 Restricted Recreational avg max 2.2 23 NR 2.2 23 200 NR 2 5 30 (TSS) NR 30 30
7 Environmental (Wetlands) avg max NR 2.2 23 200 NR 5 20 TSS 30 (TSS) NR 5 20 30
8 Industrial avg max 23 240 200 800 200 800 200 20 30 (TSS) 20 30 (TSS)
9 Groundwater Recharge (non-potable Aquifer) avg max by case 2.2 23 NR 10 2 5 NR 5 NR
10 Indirect Potable Reuse avg max by case 0 1 5 NR 5 0.1 0.5 NR 20 5 NR
max maximal in 30 days
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Review China

• About twenty years history of water reuse
  standards/guidelines
• A few provinces and municipalities have local
  standards/guidelines
• E.g. BeiJing, ShenYang
• Single class of water quality, i.e. unique value
  of considered parameters
• National standards start to be renewed since 2002
• It is not mandatory, and adapted over the whole
  country
• Composition of National Standards???????? The
  Reuse of Urban Recycling Water
• 0. (GB/T 18919-2002) ?? - Water Quality
  Standard Classification
• 1. (GB/T 18920-2002) ??????? - Water Quality
  Standard for Urban Miscellaneous Water
  Consumption
• 2. (GB/T 18921-2002) ???????? - Water
  Quality Standard for Scenic Environmental Uses
• 3. (GB/T 19772-2005) ??????? Water quality
  standard for Groundwater Recharge ?
  ?????? for Water Sources Augmentation ?
• 4. (GB/T 19923-2005) ?????? - Water Quality
  Standard for Industrial Uses
• 5. (GB/T xxxxx-200x ) ?????? under
  construction - Water Quality Standard for
  Agriculture Uses

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Review China

• It is not a class system at all
• The criteria are set up for each type of water
  uses
• Value Summation of Water Quality Standard
  Classification

series object mandatory parameter Total coli. /100mL Turbidity NTU (mg/L) BOD5 mg/L
1 Urban Miscellaneous Water Consumption 5 sorts 13 3 10 15 20 10 15 20
2 Scenic Environmental Uses 2 purpose 3 objects 14 0 500 2,000 1,0000 5 (or SS 1020) 6 10
3 Groundwater Recharge 2 types 21 3 1,000 5 10 4 10
4 Industrial Uses 4 sorts 2 subset 20 2,000 5 (or SS 10) 10 30
5 Standard for Agriculture Uses Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing
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Review Mediterranean Region

• Mediterranean region has universal water scarcity
• It has a long water reuse tradition
• Around 20 countries are involved
• It has been very long ongoing process
• There are recommended guidelines since 2004
• Four categories of recycled water uses
• Category I residential and urban reuses,
  landscape and recreational places
• Category II unrestricted irrigation, landscape
  industrial reuses
• Category III restricted agricultural
  irrigation.
• Category IV irrigation with systems or methods
  providing a high degree of protection

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Review Mediterranean Region

• Water uses category and control parameters

Water Category Fecal or E. coli SSmg/L
Category I a) Residential reuse private garden, toilet flush, vehicle washing b) Urban reuse parks, sport fields, street cleaning, fire-fighting c) Landscape and ponds, recreational places 200 10
Category II a) Irrigation of vegetables, green fodder and grazing pasture b) Landscape impoundments public contact is not allowed. c) Industrial reuse (except for food industry). 1,000 20 150
Category IIIIrrigation of cereals, fiber, seed crops, dry fodder, green fodder Industrial crops, fruit trees (except sprinkler-irrigated), plant nurseries, wooden areas, green areas with no access to the public. 35 150
Category IV a) Irrigation of vegetables (except tuber, roots, etc.) with surface and subsurface trickle systems no contact to edible vegetables b) Irrigation of crops in category III with trickle irrigation systems c) Irrigation with surface trickle irrigation of green areas d) Irrigation with sub-surface irrigation of parks, golf courses
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Prospect

• The guidelines will finally transfer to
  regulations
• The urban water reuse keeps on being focused
• Regarding the type of standards/guidelines, the
  group of end uses will adapt more
• The criteria will be defined together with the
  treatment grades/methods
• The emergency pollutants will be taken into
  account step by step

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Prospect

• Greywater will get further more attention, due to
  its characteristics, because of the health
  consideration and protection
• Quality comparison of greywater and sewage

Parameter Unit Greywater Greywater Sewage
Parameter Unit Range Mean Sewage
E. coli / thermotolerant coliforms CFU/ 100 mL 101 107 no value 106 108
Suspended Solids mg/L 2 1500 99 100 500
Turbidity NTU 22 gt200 100 no value
BOD mg/L 6 620 430 100 500
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen mg/L 0.06 50 12 20 80
Total phosphorus mg/L 0.04 42 15 5 30
pH 5.0 10.0 8.1 6.5 8.5
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Reference

• Bahri, A. and F. Brissaud. Guidelines for
  Municipal Water Reuse in the Mediterranean
  Countries. WHO regional Office for Europe, Euro
  Project Office, MAP, Athens, Greece, 2002 pp.
  62.
• Biotext (2006). Australian 21 Guidelines for
  Water Recycling Managing Health and
  Environmental Risks (Phase1). National Water
  Quality Management Strategy, Editing by Biotext
  Pty Ltd, ISBN 1921173068, Canberra, Australia.
  (Accessed 08.2008) http//www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/wat
  er/WaterRecyclingGuidelines-02_Nov06_.pdf
• CMHC (2005) Research Report Water Reuse
  Standards and Verification Protocol. Healthy
  Housing and Communities Series, Canada Mortgage
  and Housing Corporation (CMHC), national housing
  agency, Canada
• Lazarova, V. (2001) Recycled Water
  Technical-Economic Challenges for its Integration
  as a Sustainable Alternative Resource. Proc.
  UNESCO Int. Symp. Les frontiéres de la gestion de
  leau urbaine impasse ou espoir?, Marseilles,
  18-20 juin 2001, 8p.
• Metcalf Eddy, Inc. (2003) Wastewater
  engineering treatment, disposal, and reuse.
  Revised by Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F. L. and
  Stensel, H.D., 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York,
  USA.
• Metcalf Eddy, Inc. (2007) Water reuse issues,
  technologies, and applications. Written by Asano,
  T., Burton, F. L., Leverenz H. L., Tsuchihashi,
  R. and Tchobanoglous, G., McGraw-Hill, New York,
  USA.
• Pettygrove and Asano .1985. Irrigation with
  reclaimed municipal wastewater A guidance
  manual. Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA),
  (2004) Guidelines for Water Reuse.
  EPA/625/R-04/108. Municipal Support Division,
  Washington, DC

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