Chinese Renaissance: Tang and Song Chinas Spread in Asia

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Chinese Renaissance Tang and SongChinas Spread
in Asia

• Chapters 12 13

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• Vocabulary
• 1. Period of the Five Dynasties
• 2. Chan Buddhism
• 3. Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism
• 4. Southern Song
• 5. Grand Canal
• 6. Junks
• 7. Foot binding
• 8. Li Bo
• 9. Empress Wu
• 10. Sinfication
• 11. Neo-Confucians

12. Taika reforms 13. Tale of Genji 14.
Fujiwara 15. Samurai 16. Seppuku 17. Shoguns 18.
Daimyo 19. Khmers and Chams 20. Kami 21. Tribute
system 22. Heian
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Korea
China
Japan
Vietnam
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• I. Reuniting the Empire The Sui and Tang
  Dynasties
• A. Sui Rise and Fall
• 1. Yangdi
• a. Legal reform
• b. Reorganized Confucian education
• c. Scholar-gentry reestablished
• d. Canals built across empire
• e. Unsuccessfully attacked Korea
• f. Assassinated, 618

Unsuccessful Military campaigns led to the
downfall of the Sui.
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• B. The Emergence of the Tang the Restoration of
  the Empire
• 1. Military Power army unites China
• a. Extends borders to Afghanistan
• --largest Chinese empire
• --into Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
• 2. Great Wall repaired
• C. Rebuilding the Bureaucracy Allowed
  rapid revival of empire
• 1. Unity
• a. Aristocracy weakened
• b. Confucian ideology revised, civil service
  exam expanded
• c. Scholar-gentry elite administer vast
  lands
• d. Bureaucracy

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• E. Government and Religion
• 1. Growth
• a. Buddhism became strong social, economic,
  and political force Had support of royal
  family
• 2. Early Tang support attempt to make
  Buddhism the state religion Empress Wu
• F. Buddhism seen as threat by Confucians and
  Daoists. Why?
• 1. Confucians in administration
• a. Support taxation of Buddhist monasteries
  worried they were an economic threat
• 2. Buddhists restricted and persecuted
• a. Buddhism survived but severely weakened
• 3. Confucianism emerges the central ideology

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• II. The Rise of the Song
• A. Last Tang emperor forced to resign
• B. Emperor Taizu reunited much of China but
  north remained under control of nomadic Liao
  empire
• 1. Song paid tribute to nomads
• 2. Empire was smaller than the
  Tang
• C. Military came under control of
  government --increasing status of
  scholar-gentry

China in the Song Dynasty Era
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• D. The Revival of Confucian Thought
• 1. Libraries established Old texts recovered
• 2. Civil service exams became routine every
  three years at three levels district,
  province, and imperial
• 3. Rise of Neo-Confucianism
• a. Stressed morality as highest goal
• b. Hostile to outside influences and ideas
• c. Traditionalism stifled technological
  innovation and creative thought
• d. Emphasized rank, obligation, deference, and
  gender distinctions

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• F. Roots of Decline Attempts at Reform
• 1. Decline due to financial stress tribute
  payments to northern nomads, cost of
  maintaining large army on border
• 2. Increased taxes caused social unrest
• 3. Army poorly led and equipped due to control
  by scholar- gentry
• 4. Reforms between 1070-1090 by Chief Minister
  Wang Anshi cheap loans, taxes on landlords
  and scholar- gentry, establishment of trained
  mercenary army

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• G. The Song Move South
• 1. 1085, emperor supporting Wang Anshi dies
• a. Reforms reversed
• 2. Jin (Qin) kingdom founded (1115)
• a. Invade China
• b. Song flee south
• --Southern Song Dynasty
  (1127-1279)

China During the Southern Song Dynasty Era
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• III. Golden Age of China
• A. Canal system
• 1. Built to handle population shift
• 2. Yangdi's Grand Canal
• a. Links North to South
• b. South saw jump in population and
  food production
• c. Canal increased revenues, opened
  up south to commerce
• B. Trade Grows
• 1. Silk routes reopened
• a. Greater contact with Buddhist, Islamic
  regions

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• Silk Roads

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• 2. Sea trade Increase under Tang, Song
• a. Junks
• 3. Commerce expands
• a. Credit
• b. Deposit shops
• c. Flying money
• d. Urban growth population shifts
• --Levels of urbanization not seen in
  West until Industrial Revolution
• --Industry iron production greater in Song
  than in Britain during Industrial Revolution

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• C. Agricultural Growth
• 1. Canals allowed peasants to market produce
  throughout empire
• 2. Large estates broken up for peasant land
• a. Led to loss of power of nobility
• D. Life in China
• 1. Marriage put off until late in life as
  late as 30 for scholar-gentry
• 2. Women could divorce, but men were favored
• 3. Neo-Confucianism reinforced male
  dominance, no education for women
• 4. Footbinding became visible symbol of
  womens subjugation

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• E. Technological Advances
• 1. Economy stimulated by advances in farming,
  finance
• 2. Explosives used by Song for armaments
• 3. Compasses, abacus, moveable type
• F. Art
• 1. Change from Buddhist artists Secular
  scenes more common
• 2. Li Bo Poet
• 3. Nature (especially landscapes)
  becomes a common theme in poetry, art

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• IV. Imperial Japan
• A. Japan borrowed much from Chinese culture
  including Buddhism, Confucianism, and writing
  (7th 9th centuries)
• B. 646 CE - Japanese emperor introduced the
  Taika Reforms intended to remake Japanese
  government along Chinese lines including using
  a scholar-gentry
• 1. Chinese influence challenged at all
  levels of Japanese society including
  nobles, Buddhists, and peasants
• 2. Buddhist dominance caused emperor to flee
  Nara and establish new capital at Heian
• 3. Capital to Heian (Kyoto)
• a. Abandons Taika reforms
• b. Aristocracy restored to power

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• B. Heian Era
• 1. Court culture
• a. Codes of behavior
• b. Aesthetic enjoyment Pursuit of beauty
• c. Social Status very important
• --Love affairs were a major preoccupation
• d. Women and men take part
• --Lady Murasaki, Tale of Genji

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• C. Decreasing Imperial Power
• 1. Fujiwara family
• a. Dominate government
• b. Cooperate with Buddhists
• D. Warrior Class Feudalism Grows
• 1. Regional lords (bushi) ruled from
  fortresses had private armies of Samurai
• 2. Warrior class emerges Bushi Samurai
• a. Special code Bushido (Compare to
  Chivalry?)
• --Family honor most important
• --Death rather than defeat Seppuku or
  hari-kiri
• b. Peasants lose status, freedom become
  serfs
• c. Chinese influence drops as warrior power
  increases
• --No place for centralized government or
  bureaucracy

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• V. The Era of Warrior Dominance
• A. Constant struggle for power
• B. Eventually Ashikaga shogunate established in
  1336replaces the Kamakura regime
• 1. Emperor refused to recognize the shoguns
  causing Japan to erupt in civil warled to
  the severe weakening and eventual collapse of
  central authority
• 2. By 1477, Japan divided into 300 kingdoms
  ruled by Daimyo (warlord landowners)
• a. Daimyo built up kingdoms through
  irrigation, trade and commerce, and
  construction projects
• b. Warfare becomes very brutal peasant
  armies instead of courageous samurai

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• C. Women lost power. Given in marriage to
  cement alliances
• 1. Women encouraged to commit suicide if
  dishonored
• D. Zen Buddhism - stressed simplicity and
  discipline
• 1. Zen Buddhism became basis for Japanese art

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• Comparing Japanese European Feudalism

Similarities Loyalty Lord/Vassal
Relationship Family Lineage Important Code of
Honor Mounted/Armored/Sword
Differences (Japanese vs. European) Acceptance
of Death vs. Survival Moral Code vs. Legal
Code All sons inherited vs. Primogeniture Women
have Samurai attitude vs. women as
fragile/inferior beings Art Learning vs.
Contempt for Art Learning
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Korea received more Chinese influence than any
other stateyet still developed its own cultural
and political identity.

• VI. Korea
• --Ancestors from Siberia, Manchuria
• --4th c. B.C.E., farming, metalworking
• A. Sinification Adopted Chinese
  Confucianism, Buddhism, and writing
• 1. Alliance with China allowed Silla to
  subjugate neighboring kingdoms
• 2. Silla resistance against Tang forces
  caused Tang to accept Silla as an independent
  vassal state
• a. Silla borrowed much of Tang government
  practices
• B. Korea maintained independence until 20th
  century.
• 1. Mongols invade (1231) over a century of
  turmoil
• 2. Yi Dynasty lasted from 1392-1910

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• VII. Southeast Asia
• A. Vietnamese had strong cultural identity
• 1. Took care not to let borrowing from China
  dominate Vietnamese culture
• 2. Women enjoyed greater freedom than Chinese
• B. Vietnam first came under Chinese domination
  during Han Dynasty
• 1. Adopted bureaucracy including civil
  service exam
• 2. Adopted Chinese agricultural
  techniques schools
• 3. Adopted Chinese military organization
  and weaponry allowing them to conquer
  peoples to south and west

South China and Vietnam on the Eve of the Han
Conquest
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• C. Vietnamese Independence gained after the
  fall of the Tang
• 1. Distance from China helps resistance
• 2. Independent by 939 this lasts under a
  series of dynasties using a Chinese style
  bureaucracy until the 19th century
• a. Attempts to conquer by the Ming Dynasty
  and the Mongols failed
• b. Buddhism became dominant religion
  frustrating attempts of Vietnamese
  scholar-gentry to gain power like that in
  China
• c. South Vietnam became more populated,
  powerful
• d. Power struggle erupted between two
  powerful families Trinh/north and
  Nguyen/south
• --Struggle lasted centuries

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