Shantell Dixon, Thomas Harris

1
1950

• By
• Shantell Dixon, Thomas Harris

2
Civil Rights Movement
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romPLindex5
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Brown V. Topeka Board of Education
1951 In Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader
named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a
railroad switchyard to get to her black
elementary school, even though a white elementary
school was only seven blocks away. Linda's
father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the
white elementary school, but the principal of the
school refused. The U.S. District Court for the
District of Kansas heard Brown's case. At the
trial, the NAACP argued that segregated schools
sent the message to black children that they were
inferior to whites therefore, the schools were
inherently unequal. The Board of Education's
defense was that, because segregation in Topeka
and elsewhere pervaded many other aspects of
life, segregated schools simply prepared black
children for the segregation they would face
during adulthood. May 17, 1954. The Supreme
Court held that school segregation violated the
Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the
Fourteenth Amendment. Separate but equal is
inherently unequal in the context of public
education The Supreme courts decision did not
abolish segregation in other public areas, such
as restaurants and restrooms, nor did it require
desegregation of public schools by a specific
time. It did, however, declare the permissive or
mandatory segregation that existed in 21 states
unconstitutional. It was a giant step towards
complete desegregation of public schools. Even
partial desegregation of these schools, however,
was still very far away, as would soon become
apparent.
4
Emmit Till
August 21 Emmett Till arrives in Money,
Mississippi, and goes to stay at the home of his
great uncle Moses WrightAugust 24 Emmett joins
a group of teenagers, seven boys and one girl, to
go to Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market for
refreshments to cool off after a long day of
picking cotton in the hot sun. Bryant's Grocery
was owned by a white couple, Roy and Carolyn
Bryant. Emmett goes into the store to buy bubble
gum. Some of the kids outside the store will
later say they heard Emmett whistle at Carolyn
Bryant.August 28 About 230 a.m., Roy Bryant,
Carolyn's husband, and his half brother J. W.
Milam, kidnap Emmett Till from Moses Wright's
home. They will later describe brutally beating
him, taking him to the edge of the Tallahatchie
River, shooting him in the head, fastening a
large metal fan used for ginning cotton to his
neck with barbed wire, and pushing the body into
the river.August 29 J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant
are arrested on kidnapping charges in LeFlore
County in connection with Till's disappearance.
They are jailed in Greenwood, Mississippi and
held without bond. August 31 Three days later,
Emmett Till's decomposed corpse is pulled from
Mississippi's Tallahatchie River. September 1
Mississippi Governor Hugh White orders local
officials to "fully prosecute" Milam and Bryant
in the Till case.
5
September 2 In Chicago, Mamie Till arrives at
the Illinois Central Terminal to receive Emmett's
casket. The body is taken to the A. A. Rayner
Sons Funeral Home.September 3 Emmett Till's
body is taken to Chicago's Roberts Temple Church
of God for viewing and funeral services. Emmett's
mother decides to have an open casket funeral.
September 6 Emmett Till is buried at Burr Oak
Cemetery.The same day, a grand jury in
Mississippi indicts Milam and Bryant for the
kidnapping and murder of Emmett Till. They both
plead innocent. September 19 The kidnapping and
murder trial of J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant opens
in Sumner, Mississippi, the county seat of
Tallahatchie County. Jury selection begins and,
with blacks and white women banned from serving,
an all-white, 12-man jury.September 23 Milam
and Bryant are acquitted of murdering Emmett Till
after the jury deliberates only 67 minutes.
September 30 Milam and Bryant are released on
bond. Kidnapping charges are pending.November 9
Returning to Mississippi one last time, Moses
Wright and Willie Reed testify before a LeFlore
County grand jury in Greenwood, Mississippi. The
grand jury refuses to indict Milam or Bryant for
kidnapping. The two white men go free.
6
1951 graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary
with a Bachelor of Divinity degreeJune 18 1953
Marries Coretta ScottIn 1954, Martin Luther King
became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
in Montgomery, Alabama.June of 1955, he received
his PhDDecember, 1955 led the Montgomery Bus
Boycott1956 Dr. King's house is bombed1957 he
was elected president of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, an organization formed to
provide new leadership for the now burgeoning
civil rights movement.1958 Dr. King publishes
his first book, Stride Toward Freedom1959 King
visited India and worked out more clearly his
understanding of Gandhi's principle of nonviolent
persuasion, called satyagraha, which King had
determined to use as his main instrument of
social protest.
Martin Luther King Jr.
7
Montgomery Bus Boycott

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and
  social campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery,
  Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of
  racial segregation on its bus system.
• December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus in
  Montgomery, Alabama, and refused to give up her
  seat
• On Saturday, December 3, and very few blacks
  rode the buses that day in protest for Rosa
  Parks.
• December 5, Parks was found guilty and fined
  14.The boycott was triggered by her arrest.
• On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the
  Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black
  churches in the area,
• On Monday, December 5, 1955,a group of 16 to 18
  people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church
  to discuss boycott strategies in response to
  Parks' arrest.
• June 4, 1956, the federal court ruled that
  segregation laws for buses were unconstitutional
• November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the
  district court's ruling. This victory led to a
  city ordinance that allowed black bus passengers
  to sit virtually anywhere they wanted
• December 20, 1956 boycott officially ended
• The boycott resulted in the U.S Civil Rights
  Movement receiving one of its first victories and
  gave Martin Luther King, Jr. the national
  attention that made him one of the prime leaders
  of the cause.

8
Cold War
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBz3t4LcXwtE
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Space Age
August 21, 1957 First intercontinental ballistic
missile (ICBM)- USSR October 4 1957 advances in
rocketry allowed the Soviet Union to launch an
artificial satellite called Sputnik into orbit
around the earth. Sparked fears in the United
States that Soviet science and technology had
surpassed America In response, the Eisenhower
administration accelerated its own space
program 1958 The United States launches its first
satellite, Explorer I. 1958 The National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is
formed in the United States. NASA is the federal
agency devoted to exploring space. January 2,
1959 USSR first firing of a rocket in Earth orbit
February 28 1959 US launches first satellite in
Polar Orbit 1959 The Soviet Union launches Luna
2. This is the first space probe to hit the moon.
10
Central Intelligence Agency
1951 Military coup in Thailand 1952 Military coup
in Egypt overthrows the monarchy. 1953 United
States/U.K. coup in Iran codenamed Operation
Ajax, against the democratically-elected 1956
Unsuccessful military coup attempt led by Colonel
Ramón Barquín against Cuban President Fulgencio
Batista 1958 Following failed attempts by
American-trained air-force pilots in Venezuela to
overthrow Marcos Perez Jimenez by bombing his
palace, student riots broke out in Caracas. After
three weeks of protests, the military removed
Jimenez and installed Wolfgang Larrazábal,
commander of the Venezuelan Navy. Military coup
in Pakistan. Army Chief and Defence Minister Gen.
Ayub Khan overthrows the government of Iskander
Mirza and becomes President after a winning a
rigged referendum. Military coup in Iraq
overthrows the monarchy. 1959 Air Force military
hijack a civil airplane and attempt a coup
against Juscelino Kubitschek, in Brazil
11
Suez Crisis
July 26 1956 The Egyptian President, Colonel
Gamal Abdel Nasser, announces the Egyptian
nationalization of the Suez Canal. The Suez
Canal represented the main source of supply of
oil for Britain and France and the potential loss
of those supplies represented an economic threat
that they could ill ignore. August 16-23 A
conference of nations meets in London in an
attempt to find a diplomatic solution and adopts
eighteen proposals which include an offer to
Nasser of Egyptian representation on the Suez
Canal Company board and a share in its
profits. September 19-21 A second conference of
nations is held in London to discuss American
proposals for a Suez Canal Users Association to
ensure continued international use of the
Canal. October 13 The USSR vetoes the American
plan in the United Nations Security
Council. October 29 Israeli forces invade
Egypt. October 30 The British and French
ultimatum for an end to hostilities is rejected
by Nasser. November 5-6British and French troops
invade Port Said and take control of the Suez
Canal November 7 The United States, USSR and the
United Nations condemn British and French
military action. The loss of confidence and
American backing for the already weak British
economy forces Eden into calling a cease-fire
12
Vietnam War
1950 The United States sends 15 million dollars
in military aid to the French for the war in
Indochina. Included in the aid package is a
military mission and military advisors. 1953
France Grants Laos Full Independence Vietminh
Forces Push into Laos 1954 Responding to the
defeat of the French by the Vietminh at
Dienbienphu, President Eisenhower outlines the
Domino Theory "You have a row of dominoes set
up. You knock over the first one, and what will
happen to the last one is the certainty that it
will go over very quickly." 1954 French Defeated
at Dien Bien Phu 1954 Delegates from nine nations
convene in Geneva to start negotiations that will
lead to the end of hostilities in Indochina. As
part of the agreement, a provisional demarcation
line is drawn at the 17th parallel which will
divide Vietnam until nationwide elections are
held in 1956. The United States does not accept
the agreement, neither does the government of Bao
Dai. 1955 Diem Rejects Conditions of Geneva
Accords, Refuses to Participate in Nationwide
Elections 1955 China and Soviet Union Pledge
Additional Financial Support to Hanoi 1955 Diem
Urged to Negotiate with North Britain, France,
and United States covertly urge Diem to respect
Geneva accords and conduct discussions with the
North. 1956 French Leave Vietnam, US Military
Assistance Advisor Group (MAAG) assumes
responsibility, from French, for training South
Vietnamese forces. 1957 Communist insurgent
activity in South Vietnam begins. Guerrillas
assassinate more than 400 South Vietnamese
officials. Thirty-seven armed companies are
organized along the Mekong Delta. 1957 Thirteen
Americans working for MAAG and US Information
Service are wounded in terrorist bombings in
Saigon. 1959 Major Dale R. Buis and Master
Sargeant Chester M. Ovnand become the first
Americans to die in the Vietnam War when
guerillas strike at Bienhoa
13
McCarthyism
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlAur_I077NANR
14
McCarthy
February 9th, 1950 made a speech claiming to have
a list of 205 people in the State Department that
were known to be members of the American
Communist Party Names was not a secret and had
been in fact published by the Secretary of State
in 1946 Some had been communists but others had
been fascists, alcoholics and sexual
deviants McCarthy, was made chairman of the
Government Committee on Operations of the
Senate Investigated various government
departments and questioned a large number of
people about their political past Targeted
anti-American books in libraries. His
researchers looked into the Overseas Library
Program and discovered 30,000 books by
"communists, pro-communists, former communists
and anti anti-communists." After the publication
of this list, these books were removed from the
library shelves
15
Army-McCarthy Hearings
Series of hearings held by the United States
Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations between
March 1954 and June 1954 Accused high ranking
army officials of being communists Televised-
Millions of Americans watched as the senator made
wild accusations without evidence Hearings ended
the Red Hunt December 2, 1954, the Senate voted
by a 2/3 margin to censure McCarthy Role as major
figure in national politics was effectively
ended Disgraced and discredited, McCarthy became
an alcoholic and died in 1957
16
Un-American Activities Committee
Investigative committee of the United States
House of Representatives Investigate disloyalty
and subversive organizations 1950- McCarthy
borrowed many of the committee's tactics for his
own Senate investigations Investigated artists,
entertainers, and political figures HUAC began a
gradual decline beginning in the late 1950s 1959-
denounced by President Harry S. Truman as the
"most un-American thing in the country today."
17
Red Channels
Published on 22nd June, 1950 Written by Theodore
Kirkpatrick, a former FBI agent and Vincent
Harnett Listed the names of 151 writers,
directors and performers accused of
communism Free copy of Red Channels was sent to
those involved in employing people in the
entertainment industry People named in the
pamphlet were blacklisted until they appeared in
front of the House of Un-American Activities
Committee Red Channels describes how the
Communist Party purportedly attracts both
financial and political backing from those in the
entertainment industry Red Channels List
Langston Hughes, writer Arthur Miller,
playwright George Keane, actor Larry Adler, actor
and musician Etc.
18
Growth of Suburbs
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJhkhA2w4cXs
Baby Boom
19
White Flight
Blacks moved to the cities, many whites moved out
of urban areas and into the suburbs African-Americ
an migration Blacks continued to move in large
numbers from the South to northern and
northeastern cities improved blacks' overall
economic status and ultimately helped make the
civil rights movement possible Took place in many
major American cities Made easier by highways
built to carry suburbanites to work in cities
where the jobs remained Created new
municipalities outside the jurisdiction of the
original city New schools, roads, water and sewer
lines, and firehouses had to be built.
20
Baby Boom
U.S. population redistributed itself
geographically and grew dramatically during the
postwar years Improvements in transportation
mobilized Americans between 1945 and 1957
increased the U.S. population rapidly, as young
Americans took advantage of the postwar peace and
their increased wealth to start new families and
have children. Common that the young wives of
virtually entire suburban neighborhoods were
pregnant at the same time New schools had to be
built Interspersed throughout those new
communities were "strip malls," businesses lined
up in a row along roadsides, usually in common
and architecturally uninspired buildings fronted
by a large parking lot with little or no
greenery. U.S. birthrate began to shoot up in
1941 and to decline after 1957 Family size
increased sharply throughout the baby
boom Average woman bore 3.09 children in 1950
which increased to 3.65 children per family in
1960, but the peak was in 1957, when the figure
stood at 3.77 Between 1940 to 1960, the number of
families with three children doubled and the
number of families having a fourth child
quadrupled
21
Automobile Production
Starting from the 1950's and for about twenty
years, the automotive market demand was very
high Allowed people to go to work from suburbs
Helped move the economic base away from
agriculture and manufacturing and toward
white-collar jobs Allowed people to drive to
the rapid development of shopping malls and
fast-food restaurants Industries could produce
vehicles at a very high production rate Diffusion
of the stamped steel unibody structure primary
material was cheap, the vehicle was easy to
produce and assembly at high production volumes,
with very competitive costs per unit
22
Federal Highway Act
Enacted on June 29, 1956, when Dwight D.
Eisenhower signed this bill into law Appropriated
25 billion dollars for the construction of
41,000 miles of interstate highways over a
20-year period largest public works project in
American history to that point Money generated
through new taxes on fuel, automobiles, trucks
and tires Result- was the direct subsidization of
the suburban road infrastructure, making commutes
between urban centers to suburbs much quicker,
furthering the flight of citizens and businesses
and divestment from inner cities, and compounding
vehicle pollution and excessive petroleum use
problems Improved national transportation Severely
crippled the development of public
transportation systems.
23
Additional information

Thirteen parents filed a suit against
the Topeka Board of Education. They felt that it
was unfair that their kids had to go to a school
almost 2 miles away rather than a school down the
street that was white. Black schools were also
not as well supplied as white schools.
Segregation Topeka Board
Thurgood Marshall of Education Oliver L.
Brown
1954
Violation of the 14th amendment which
guarantees all citizens equal protection of laws
Segregation violated this amendment which made it
unfair.
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation
violated the 14th amendment. This ruling also
affected other public places and such.
24
Vocabulary
1860s-1960s
Forced separation
Segregation
Though de jure segregation is gone
in America, many blacks still face problems with
de facto segregation.

• 1950s-Today

Sit-In
Form of protest in which protesters seat
themselves and refuse to move
This form of protest was used to
fight segregation in the south during the Civil
Rights Movement.
25

• 1900s-Today

Residential community surrounding a city
Suburb
Suburbs started to rapidly
increase due to the development of the
Levittown's after WWII.
First artificial satellite to orbit earth which
was launched by the USSR
1957
Sputnik
Due to the launch of sputnik, the
US and the USSR became involved in a completion
called the Space Race.
26
Eisenhower Doctrine
Speech saying that President Eisenhower would do
everything necessary to stop communism
This declaration caused many of
the conflicts the US got into during the Cold War.
Truman Doctrine
Declaration that the US would support nations
that were being threatened by communism
1947
Due to the Truman Doctrine, the US
got involved in wars such as The Korean War and
the Vietnam War.
27
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th president who promoted business and social
programs
1953-1961
Eisenhower was also leader of
Allied Forces during WWII. His great leadership
paid of during his presidency in the US.
Fallout Shelters
Shelters made to withstand a nuclear blast and
protect people from the aftermath a nuclear
explosion
1950s-1989
Many Fallout Shelters were made
during the Cold War yet none have ever been
needed to be used. These shelters were made due
to the Red Scare.
28
G.I. Bill
Law passed that helped returning veterans buy
homes and pay for college
1944
This bill gave returning veterans
another shot at life with its aid.
Alger Hiss
Former State Department official investigated as
a possible communist spy by the HUAC after WWII
and was convicted of perjury in 1950
Many innocent people like Hiss were
falsely convicted during the Red Scare and the
McCarthy era.
29
Marshall Plan
Program of economic assistance to Western Europe
1950s-1970s
This program was aimed to steer
nation s away from communism by aiding these
countries economically.
McCarthyism
Senator McCarthys numerous accusations of
possible communists in which he had no evidence
McCarthyism was an other incident
that happened due to the Red Scare after WWII.
30
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Boycott in which African Americans stopped riding
the Montgomery buses due to their segregation
1955-1956
This boycott lasted for almost a
year in which the bus service finally got rid of
segregation in buses.
NATO
Organization of all democratic countries who were
against communism
1950s-Today
The opposite of NATO was The
Warsaw Pact which was an organization of
communist countries against democracy.
31
HUAC
Committee that investigated communist influence
in the US
This committee was a direct result of the
red scare that occurred after WWII.
Martin Luther King Jr.
African American Civil Rights leader who used
non-violent means to win civil rights
Dr. King made it possible for
blacks and whites to be finally exist together in
a peaceful manor.
32
Korean War
Conflict over the future of the Korean peninsula
which ended in a stalemate
This war is also known as the
forgotten war because it is fairly uncelebrated
and because there was no great outcome.
Levittowns
Massive, mass produced suburbs which began to be
produced at the end of WWII
1950s
These Levittowns gave many WWII
veterans a very comfortable yet inexpensive place
to call home after the war
33
Non-Violent Protest
Form of protest in which protestors do not resist
or fight back when attacked
1950s-today
Non-violent protest was a big
part of the Civil Rights Movement during the
1950s and 1960s.
Little Rock 9
A group of black school children who integrated
into the Little Rock Central High School after
the decision of Brown v. Board of Education
These brave students took the risk
of going to an all white school were many people
crowded around to insult them.
34
Rosa Parks
Civil Rights Activist who fought to get rid of
segregation on buses in Montgomery Alabama
Rosa Parks contributed greatly to
the Civil Rights Movement just by resisting to
give up her seat to a white man.
Peaceful Coexistence
theory developed by the Soviet Union during the
Cold War and was adopted by Soviet-influenced
Communist states that they could peacefully
coexist with capitalist states.
Though this could be true,
the US was not willing to let it happen.
35
Red Scare
A period of intense fear of communism and other
extreme ideas
1920s-1989
These fears and other things
fueled the fire that was the Cold War.
1919-1972
Jackie Robinson
First African American to play baseball in the
Major Leagues in 1947
This was a huge achievement on the
road to integration.
36
Law that outlawed discrimination in a number of
areas including voting, schools, and jobs
1957
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was
a big achievement for all minorities in America.
Cold War
State of hostility which existed between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union after WWII until the
collapse of the USSR
1945-1989
There was no actual war during this time period
between the United States and the Soviet Union.
37
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of
communism around the world
1945-1989
America tried doing this by helping
less fortunate countries and then making them
democratic.
Cult of Domesticity
Idea that women should stay home and serve their
husband and children
1950s-1970s
Many women spent their whole lives at
home in loneliness during the 50s due to this
believe of women.
38
Winston Churchills term for the extension of
communist control over Eastern Europe
Iron Curtain
1945-1989
In Europe, the East was considered
communist and the West was considered democratic.
Domino Theory
Belief that if one country fell to communism,
neighboring countries would likewise fall
1945-1989
This belief scared many Americans and
made America push their containment policy very
far.
39
Baby Boom
Dramatic increase in birthrate during and after
WWII
1945-1955
The period after WWII was a very
joyous period which mightve contributed to the
increasing birthrate.
Balance of Power
exists when there is parity or stability between
competing forces
This is currently how the
state of hostility between the US and the USSR.
40
Blacklists
Lists that are circulated among employers
containing names of persons who shouldnt be hired
1920s-1950s
These lists were used against
people who were suspected of being communist
supporters.
Brinkmanship
Policy of risking war in order to protect
national interests
1950-1970
The Korean and Vietnam Wars was a
very good example of Brinkmanship during the Cold
War.
41
1950s Timeline 1950 - Senator Joseph McCarthy
gains power, and McCarthyism (1950-1954) begins
1950 - McCarran Internal Security Act 1950 -
Korean War begins 1950 - National Security
Council Memo 68 1951 - 22nd Amendment 1951 -
Mutual Security Act 1951 - General Douglas
MacArthur fired by Truman for comments about
using nuclear weapons on China 1952 - ANZUS
Treaty enters into force 1952 - Immigration and
Nationality Act 1952 - United States
presidential election, 1952 1953 - Dwight D.
Eisenhower becomes President 1953 - Rosenbergs
executed 1953 - Armistice in Korea 1953 - Shah
of Iran returns to power in CIA-orchestrated coup
known as Operation Ajax 1954 - Joseph McCarthy
discredited in Army-McCarthy hearings 1954 - The
CIA organises the overthrow of Guatemala's
democratically elected president Jacobo Arbenz
Guzmán (Operation PBSUCCESS) 1954 - Saint
Lawrence Seaway Act 1954 - Baghdad Pact 1954 -
Brown v. Board of Education 1954 - SEATO
alliance
42
1954 - Fall of Dien Bien Phu End of French rule
in Indochina 1954 - Geneva Conference (1954)
1954 - The People's Republic of China lays siege
on Quemoy and Matsu Islands Eisenhower sends in
navy 1955 - Rosa Parks incites Montgomery Bus
Boycott 1955 - AFL and CIO merge in America's
largest labor union 1955 - Warsaw Pact 1955 -
Jonas Salk develops polio vaccine 1956 -
Interstate Highway Act 1956 - US refuses to
support the Hungarian Revolution 1956 - United
States presidential election, 1956 1957 -
Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 - Civil Rights Act of
1957 1957 - Soviets launch Sputnik "space race"
begins 1957 - First nuclear power plant goes
into service 1957 - Little Rock, Arkansas school
desegregation 1958 - National Defense Education
Act 1958 - NASA formed 1958 - The integrated
circuit created 1959 - Cuban Revolution 1959 -
Landrum-Griffin Act 1959 - Alaska and Hawaii
become states
43
Citations Page 1950s "Civil rights." Civil
Rights Of 1950s. 2000-2009. Family education. 19
5 2009 lthttp//school.familyeducation.com/civil-ri
ghts/african-american-history/47045.htmlgt. "Global
Sercurity." Cold War. 2000-2009. Global
sercurity. 27 May 2009 lthttp//www.globalsecurity.
org/military/ops/cold_war.htmgt. "Spartcus
School." McCartyism. 2000-2009. 20 May 2009
lthttp//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmccarthyi
sm.htmgt.