Amirrudin Hj Kamsin

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Chapter 7

• Rendering Systems

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Rendering Systems

• Visual
• Aural
• Haptic

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Visual Rendering Systems

• aka Computer Graphics
• Software rendering vs. Hardware rendering
• Object representation schemes
• Geometrically based (polygons, NURBS, CSG)
• Non-geometric forms (volumetric rendering,
  particle systems)

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• Geometrically based internal representations
• Polygons
• Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
• Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS)
• Other representations are often converted to
  polygons for hardware rendering

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• Non-geometrically based internal representations
• Volumetric rendering
• Particle systems

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• Techniques for rendering complex visual scenes
• Shading
• Reducing polygon waste
• Texture mapping
• Culling
• Multiplexing multiple renderers to one screen

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• Multiplexing multiple renderers to one screen
• aka "DPLEX decomposition"
• Added cost of additional rendering systems
• Reduces the maximum delay between and input and
  the response

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• Aural Rendering Systems
• Sampling
• Synthesis
• Spectral Methods
• Physical Model
• Abstract Synthesis

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• Rendering Complex Sounds
• Frequency Modulation
• Additive Subtractive Techniques
• Granular synthesis

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• Sonic Effects
• Convolution
• Reverberation
• Chorusing

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• Haptic Rendering Systems
• Thermal Rendering
• Pin-based Rendering
• Kinesthetic Display
• Robotically Operated Shape Display (generic
  specific)
• Physical Object Rendering

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• Rendering Complex Haptic Scenes with Force
  Displays
• Single point of contact
• Single point of contact with Torque
• Constraint of Movement
• Two points of contact (pinching)
• Multiple Points of contact (grasping)

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• Haptic Rendering Techniques
• Spring and dashpot
• Point and plane
• Multiple plane
• Point to point
• Multispring model
• Inertial and Resistive effects
• Vibration models