Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building Emissions: Part 1' Gas Concentrations

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Quality Assured Measurements of Animal Building
Emissions Part 1. Gas Concentrations

• Albert Heber Ji-Qin Ni Teng Lim Pei-Chun Tao
• Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
• Amy M. Millmier
• University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
• Larry Jacobson, Richard Nicolai
• University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
• Jacek Koziel
• Texas AM University, Amarillo, TX
• Steven Hoff
• Iowa State University, Ames, IA 
• Yuanhui Zhang
• University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
• David Beasley
• North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 

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Dr. Ji-Qin Ni
Dr. Teng Lim
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Feed
Waste
H2S, NH3
Eggs
Livestock take a relatively benign N (and S) in
the feed and convert it to a susceptible,
volatile, and mobile form of N (and S) H.
Tyrell 4/29/02
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Emission Sources
Land Application
Source Arogo et al. 2001
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Emission Point Exhaust Fan
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Inside Exhaust Fans
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1996-97 Air Quality Study
3,500 data subsets were collected between March
and September
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Instrument Shelter
Sampling Manifolds
Gas analyzers
PC
Full-time field engineer
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Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

• Photoacoustic infrared
• 1.0 Lpm internal pump
• 0 - 5,000 ppm
• Model 3600, MSA, Inc.
• 2,000

Zero and span calibration gases
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H2S Concentrations(pulsed fluorescence technique)
Site 3
H2S odor threshold concentration 1 ppb
1 to 1,527 ppb
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NH3 Concentrations(chemiluminescence method)
NH3 odor threshold concentration 5 ppm
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Sampling Location Group (SLG)
Instrument trailer
Analyzers
Pit fan
Wall fans
Mixing manifold
Teflon manifolds
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Problems

• Condensation in gas lines.
• Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled
  air.
• Air conditioning in trailer caused condensation.
• Sensor failure and drift.
• Lack of sensor maintenance, e.g. psychrometer ran
  dry.
• Lightning strikes (need UPS systems)
• PC hard drive failed.
• Dust and moisture buildups in gas sampling lines.
• Pigs damaged several sensors and lines.
• Harsh environment for sensors.

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Recommendations from 1997 Study

• Develop Quality Assurance Project Plan (needed or
  not)
• Test, evaluate and fine-tune DAQ before taking to
  field
• Test field installation and data analysis before
  collecting data
• Assure good field site management
• Establish good communication with collaborator
• Keep gas temperature 3 C above that of sampled
  air.
• Protect integrity of data collection/storage
• Use proper statistical techniques
• Proper sampling frequency/locations
• Sufficient accuracy
• Estimate and propagate all errors
• Use proper averaging methods

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Manure Additive Study, 1999

• First QAQC-based contract
• Web-based Labview data monitoring
• Biweekly calibrations
• 39 reactors

Hood failure 1000s emails!
PC DAQ
Gas Sampling System (GSS)
Backup Analyzers
Calibration notebooks
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• Documentation of procedures
• Accurate records
• Reference gases for CEM.
• Reactor ventilation monitoring
• Email of alarms to reseachers.
• Monitoring of all exhaust hoods in lab
• Blank checks.
• Pilot Study

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Real Time Gas Monitoring
Reactor Number
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide
Reactor airflow
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Emission Measurement Methods Study 2001-2002

• Air Sampling Measurement Methodology for
  Confined Animal Housing Systems
• Improving Measurement of Emissions from Poultry
  Houses
• Odor Emissions Factors for Caged-Layers
• Real-time Dust Concentration Monitor

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• CL Method Spatial
• 9 exhaust locations
• 1 inlet location
• 2 cage location
• 10 min sampling period
• CL Method Temporal
• 1 exhaust location
• Continuous monitoring
• Photoacoustric IR
• Electrochemical sensors

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Six months of gas sampling

• Analyzer comparisons
• Bypass pumping tests
• Sampling period 5-10 min
• Labview DAQ Computer Boards
• First test of TEOM
• Ammonia 15 to 150 ppm
• QAQC-based contract
• Wireless ISP
• Web publishing of data
• Lightning arrestor for IS
• Microwave oven
• Small vane anemometers

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Monitoring Plan at Laying House
Ammonia emission k x 186 m3/s x (25.3 1.6)
11,267 g/d
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APECAB Study

• Aerial Air quality new EPA initiative for ag.
• Pollutant Volatile forms of N, S, odor.
• Emissions Outward mass flows from barns.
• from
• Confined Efficient method of raising animals.
• Animals Swine is the focus in this study
• Buildings Mechanically-ventilated rooms only.

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Measurement Sites APECAB study
All sites described in paper
Swine Poultry
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Hall
Hall
Barn 14
Barn 13
Barn 15
Barn 16
Barns 1-12
Feed bins
N
Lab
Service road
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Control of Aerial Pollutant Emissions from Swine
Housing (CAPESH)

• Test soybean oil sprinkling
• Test the Biocurtain

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Lagoon
Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses with flushing
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Mobile Instrument Shelters
CAPESH study
APECAB study
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Met tower
Relative humidity/temperature probe
TEOM sampler for PM10
Barn 7
Barn 8
Air sampling
Anemometer (SVA)
Static pressure port
Temperature sensor
Odor sampling location

End view
End view
Trailer
Summer air inlets
Fan

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Barn 7


3

1

Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)
2



4
Instrument trailer
S
Background air sampling



Attic

1-5


Pens



Diffusers



Side
View

Shallow pit with recycle flush

Exhaust air


sampling

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Bypass pumping circuit
P pump

Exhaust
S solenoid
M manifold
9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon
F filter

7.9 mm OD, 4.8 mm ID vinyl
P1

Sampling probes, 10-115 m long
6.4 mm OD 3.2 mm ID vinyl
22.2 mm OD 15.9 mm ID vinyl


Analyzers



F
NH3
S1
Bag fill port
F

P3

Pressure sensor

M3
H2S
F
Mass flow meter

CO2

M2
f

9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon
CH4/VOC
Flow restrictors
P2

Calibration gas circuit

Exhaust
M4
D
Cal gases
S12
A
B
C
S14
6-solenoid manifold
C6H14/CH4
Bubbler
SO2
S13
H2S
NH3
NO
6-port diluter (5 L/min)
CO2
3.2 mm OD, 1.6 mm ID Teflon
Note S1-S6 NO, S7-S12 NC
Zero air
Air valve
Rotameter
Leak test circuit
P4
Pressure gage
Jar
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3-way solenoid
Bypass manifold M1
Bag fill port
Sampling manifold M2
Analyzer sampling manifold M3
M4
Bypass pump P1
Sampling pump P2
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¼ i.d. 3/8 o.d. Teflon
Sampled air from sampling location group (SLG)
3-way solenoid
Flow restrictor
Mass flow meter 0-10 L/min
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Sample airflow manifold pressure
1 Ambient, 2 Barn A, 3 Barn B
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On-Line Data Inspection
Flushing peak
Barn B
Barn A
Ambient
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The Measurement System

• Sample system
• Sample acquisition
• Sample transport
• Sample conditioning
• Protection of analyzers from sampled gas
• Gas analyzer senses and generates output
• Data recorder

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NH3 analyzer

Pump



Catalytic converter
Solenoid

Filter
PMT
RC
A
Capillary
Scrubber
Internal gas sampling system
Detector
0.6 L/min
Calibration at A accounts for converter
inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid,
capillary, filter and tubing along with detector
sensitivity.
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Calibration at D accounts for additional error
introduced by the long sampling probes and is the
most desirable location to introduce calibration
gas but is sometimes too impractical.
NH3 analyzer
External gas sampling system

Pump
Manifold




Catalytic converter
10-123 m Teflon tube
Manifold
Solenoid

Filter

D
C
PMT
RC
Restrictor
A

Capillary
Scrubber
f
Filter
Mass flow meter
Solenoid
Internal gas sampling system
Pump

Detector
Pressure sensor
0.6 L/min
B
Calibration at A accounts for converter
inefficiency and losses in scrubber, solenoid,
capillary, filter and tubing along with detector
sensitivity.
4.0 L/min
Calibration at B or C accounts for additional
error introduced by the external gas sampling
system.
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Gas Analyzer Calibration
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Raw CO2 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02
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CO2 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site,
11/8/02
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H2S Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site,
11/8/02
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NH3 Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site,
11/8/02
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Ambient NH3 Concentrations CAPESH Site, 11/8/02
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Methane Concentrations
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VOC Concentrations by LocationCAPESH Site,
11/8/02
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Recent Advances to Emission Measurements at
Livestock Buildings

• New gas sampling system with mass flow sensor and
  manifold pressure sensor
• Complete QAPP documents
• Remote multipoint calibrations
• Introduction of cal gas into probe
• Non-methane VOC measurements
• Common protocol among universities

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Albert J. HeberProfessor
AgAirQuality.com

• Agricultural and Biological Engineering
• Purdue University

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