???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????? ? ??? Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Economic Development: Application to Russia and the CIS

1
???????? ???????? ? ?????????? ? ??? ? ?????????
?????????????? ????????????????????? ? ?????? ?
???Trade Policy and WTO Accession for Economic
DevelopmentApplication to Russia and the CIS

• ??????????????? ? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????
• Antidumping and Other Measures of Contingent
  protection???????? ????? ?????????
• ???????? ?????? ???? ????
• byGiorgio Barba Navaretti and
• Angelica Salvi del Pero

15 ??????? 2004 ?.
2
???????? ??????? Key questions

•  ??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? What is
  contingent protection?
• ??????????????? ????? Anti-dumping?
• ???????? ? ??????????????? ????? Subsidies and
  countervailing measures?
• ??????????? ???????? ????? Safeguard measures?
• ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??
  ??????????????? What are the effects of
  contingent protection measures on welfare?
• ??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ??????
  ???? How are contingent protection measures
  regulated by WTO?

3
????????? ?????? Structure of this lecture

• ???????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???? ?
  ??????????? Contingent protection in general
  measures and rationale
• ??????????????? ???? Antidumping duties
• ???????? ? ??????????????? ???? Subsidies and
  countervailing duties
• ??????????? ???????? ???? Safeguard measures

4
??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? What is
contingent protection?

• ??????????? ? ????????, ??????? ????? ????
  ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????? ?
  ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????,
  ?????????????? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ?
  ?????? ????. Trade restrictions, that can be
  introduced under specific circumstances,
  providing protection from imports beyond the
  protection granted by the tariff schedules
  negotiated as part of GATT.
• ?????????? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ????/???
  ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????
  ?????????????. Exceptions to the GATT/WTO
  fundamental principles of reciprocity and non
  discrimination.

5
??? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? What is
contingent protection?
6
???????? ?????? ????????? ?? Contingent
protection Arguments in favour

• ?????????????? ???????? Strategic argument
• ????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ???????
  ????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ????
  ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????.
  May discourage the introduction of distortive
  trade practices if the threat of their
  implementation is credible
• ????????-????????????? ???????? Political economy
  argument
• ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????
  ??????, ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????????,
  ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????
  ????????????? ????????. Safety valve it may help
  in inducing protectionist groups into accepting
  broader trade liberalisation

7
???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? Arguments
against

• ?????? ????????, ??? ????, ?????? ???????
  ?????????? ???????? ??????, ? ????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????. Difficult to prove that
  the measure against which contingent protection
  is raised is effectively damaging welfare.
• ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?
  ????? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????. Specific
  interests are often protected at the expenses of
  the overall national economy.
• ?????????? In fact
• gt ???? 1 ???? ???????? ??????, ??????????
  ????????? ?????????????? ???????, ? ?????????
  ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ?????????????
  ???????????, ?????????????? ??????????????.
  Lesson 1 measures of contingent protection,
  meant for corrective purposes, are now being
  increasingly used for legitimizing selective,
  unilateral protection.

8
??????????????? ???? Antidumping duties

• ??? ????? ???????? What is dumping?
• ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??
  ????????????? ?????? ???? ????????,
  ?????-????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??
  ?????????? ??????-????????? ?? ????, ??????? ????
  ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ??????
  ??????????. practice of selling exports at an
  unfairly low price, e.g. an exporting firm
  sells its production in the importing country at
  a price below those applied to identical or
  like products in the country of the exporter.
• ??? ????? ??????????????? ????? What are
  anti-dumping duties?
• ??????, ??????????? ???????-?????????? ?
  ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ?? ??????????
  ????? ???? ?????? ?????-???? ????????????-????????
  ??? ?? ??????????? ?????. tariffs imposed by an
  importing country on imports of a product that
  has been dumped into its domestic market by some
  exporting firms
• ????, ??????????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????
  ??????????? (?? ??????????), ????????????
  ???????. retaliate against actions of individual
  firms (not countries) and are applied to dumping
  firms

9
??? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? Where is
anti-dumping applied?

• ???? 2 ??????????????? ???? ? ?????? ????
  ???????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????????
  ????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ??????????. ???????
  ????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ? ??????????
  ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????
  ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???
  ?????? ????????????? ?????.
• ? 1995 ?? 2002 ??. ??????????????? ????
  ??????????? 1.979 ???.
• ? ??????????? ??????? ?? ??????????
  ???????????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???????
  ????????????? ????? ? ????? ? ??????????
  ?????????? (?????, ?????, ?????, ?????? ? ??????
  ?????? ???).
• ?? ???? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??
  ?????? ???????, ????????, ??? ?????????????
  ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?
  ??????????????? ?????.

10
??????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? Welfare
effects of dumping

• ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? Define threshold
  between
  
• ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? (?????
  ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????
  ???????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??
  ?????? ??????), ??? ????? ?????????????? ?????
  ??????????????, ????., ???????????? ? Fair
  price discrimination (when producers with market
  power apply different prices in different
  markets) which can be welfare improving, e.g. for
  consumers
• ??????????????, ???????????/?????????????
  ???????????????? (????? ???????????? ?? ?????
  ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????
  ? ????? ?????????? ???????????). Unfair predatory
  pricing (when firms with market power set unduly
  low prices to dirve competitors out of business)

11
????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???
????????? ?? Scope for anti-dumping Arguments
in favour

• ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????
  Preventing predatory pricing
• ????????????? ?????? ????????????????
  ???????????????? International projection of
  anti-trust laws

12
????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????
?????? Scope for anti-dumping Arguments against

• ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????
  ?????????????? ? ??????????? ????????????????.
  Difficult to distinguish between price
  discrimination and predatory pricing
• ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????.
  Predatory pricing unlikely
• gt ???? 3 ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???
  ?????????????? ???????????? ? ???????????????.
  ??????????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ? ?????
  ?????????? ???????????? ???????????????, ?
  ???????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????,
  ??? ???????????? ????? ??????? ?????
  ??????????????????, ??????????????
  ??????????????. Lesson 3 The negative welfare
  effects induced by dumping are unlikely to arise
  and they are very difficult to prove. Antidumping
  actions are rarely initiated to challenge
  effective predatory pricing behaviour, and
  therefore constitute a form of hidden,
  discriminatory and unjustified protection.

13
??????????? ? ??? Anti dumping and the WTO

• ?????? VI ???? 1994 ?. ????????? ??????????
  ??????????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
  ??????????? ?????????, ????? ????????? ???????,
  ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????
  ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????????, ???
  ???? ?? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????
  ????????????? ??????? ??????????????. Article VI
  of GATT 1994 authorizes the imposition of a
  specific anti-dumping duty on imports from a
  particular source, in excess of bound rates, when
  dumping causes or threatens injury to a domestic
  industry, or materially retards the establishment
  of a domestic industry.
• ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? VI ???? 1994 ?.,
  ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????????. The
  Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT
  1994, commonly known as the Anti-Dumping
  Agreement

14
??????????? ? ????????? ??? Anti dumping and the
WTOProcedures

• ??????? ???????????? ?????????????
  ??????????????? ??? Rules for initiation of an
  antidumping action
• ???????????? ??????? ?????? Initiators must
• ????????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? prove that
  there has been dumping
• ????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? calculate the
  extent of the dumping margin
• ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ????????????
  ????? ?? ?????????? ?????. demonstrate that
  dumping is causing material injury in the
  domestic market
• ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????
  ???????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????
  ?????? ???. Disputes subject to binding dispute
  settlement before the Dispute Settlement Body of
  the WTO

15
??????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? Antidumping
and the WTO issues

• ???? 4. Lesson 4.
• ??????????? ? ???? ????????????? ???? ? ?????????
  ???????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ? ?????????
  ?????????. The GATTs definition and regulation
  of dumping is vague and the procedures are loose
  and full of loopholes.
• ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????-?????? ???,
  ???????? ? ????????????? ???????, ???????
  ??????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
  ??????????, ? ????? This has allowed a number of
  WTO members to act unilaterally and impose
  antidumping duties based on a very weak ground
  and
• ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???????
  ???????? ??????????????? ???, ? ?????? ?????
  ?????????. made the case of any country which is
  challenged by an antidumping action extremely
  weak.

16
??????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? Antidumping
and the WTO issues

• ??????????? ???????? ????????? ???????
  ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????????
  Definition of dumping leaves margins for
  discretion
• ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?
  ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???
  ?????????? ?????????.
• ?????????? ?????????
• ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????, ?
  ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????????
• ? ????????? ?????? (????., ??? ????? ?
  ?????????? ??????????) ????????? ????????????
  (???? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????, ??????? ?
  ???????) ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? ? ??????
  ??????.
• ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ???
  ? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ??????????.

17
??????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? Antidumping
and the WTO issues

• ?????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ???????????? ???????? Other conditions leaving
  large margins for discretion
• ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????, ???????
  ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????
  ??????????????? ??????? (??????? ????? ??????????
  ????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????)
• ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???
  ???????????? ????????? ?? ????????.
• ??????????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????
  ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????
  Antidumping action is essentially a unilateral
  administrative procedure
• ????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????, ?????
  ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????.

18
??????????? ? ??? ???????? ???????? Antidumping
and the WTO issues

• ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? Why widely used?
• ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????
  ???????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??
  ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????. Protection
  against individual exporters because the
  agreement does not require multilateral
  application.
• ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????
  ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???
  ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????????. The action
  is unilateral no compensation or renegotiation
  is required
• ??????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????
  ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????.
  The rhetoric of foreign unfairness provides an
  excuse for protection
• ????????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????????
  ??????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????????
  ????????. Investigation in itself tends to curb
  imports, because exporters bear significant costs

19
???????? ? ??????????????? ???? Subsidies and
countervailing measures

• ??? ??? ??????
• ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?
  ????? ?? ???????????? ???????????? (???????),
  ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????????, ????????
  ??? ????????????.
• ??????????????? ??????? ??? ??????, ???????????
  ??? ????????????? (???????????) ???????
  ?????????? ????????, ???????????????
  ?????????????? ??????-??????????.
• ???????? ????? ???????????????? ?
  ???????????????? ?????????
• ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????
  ????????????? ???????????? ???????????.
• ??????????????? ???? ???????????? ????????
  ????????? ?????.

20
?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???? Why
do subsidies concern the WTO?

• ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?
  Unfair competition towards
• ????????????? ????????? ??????-?????????
  domestic firms in the importing country
• ?????? ???????????, ????????? ??
  ???????-??????????. other exporters to the
  importing country
• ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????????,
  ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????????????.
  Distortion of optimal allocation of resources
  based on comparative advantage
• ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????????
  ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ?
  ?????? ???????. But export subsidies often have
  positive welfare effects in the importing country

21
??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????
What is the rationale for CVDs?

• ??? ???????? ???????, ???????????? ???????????
  ???????????????? ????????.
• ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????
  ????????????? ????? ???????? (??????????????
  ?????????????? ????????).
• ???????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ??? ????
  ???????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????????
  ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????
  ?????.
• ????? ???? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????
  ????????????? ????????? ?????????.
• gt ???? 5 ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????
  ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ?????, ??? ???
  ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????????
  ?????????.

22
???????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ? ???
Subsidies and Countervailing duties in the WTO

• ?????????? ?? ????????? ? ??????????????? ?????
  (???)
• ????
• ?????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ???
  ????????? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???
  ?????-?????? ? ?? ????????? ?????????????
  ???????? ? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????????
  ???????
• ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????
  ????????-???????, ???????????? ??????????????
  ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????.

23
??????????? ???????? ???? Safeguards

• ??? ??? ?????? What are they?
• ????????? ?????? ??? ?????, ???????? ? ?????
  ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???????????
  ?????????? ???????????. Temporary tariffs or
  quota used to protect a domestic industry from
  foreign exporters.
• ??? ????????? ? ??????????????????? ????? (??????
  ??????????? ? ????????? ???? ?????). They are non
  discriminatory measures (they must be applied
  against all countries)
• ??? ?? ????? ??????????? What is their rationale?
• ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????
  ??????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??
  ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????
  ???????. they are escape valves or forms of
  insurance against fluctuations in terms of trade
  or sudden surges of imports in a given industry

24
??????????? ???????? ???? ? ??? Safeguards and WTO

• ?????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????
  ?????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???????? ??????
  XIX ????. Safeguard protection is provided under
  the Safeguards Clause Article XIX of the GATT.
• ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????
  ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???, ???????????????
  ? ?????? XIX. The Agreement on Safeguards ("SG
  Agreement") provides the rules for application of
  safeguard measures relative to Article XIX.

25
??????????? ???????? ???? ? ??? Safeguards and WTO

• ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?
  ????????? ???????????, ?????????? ????????????
  ???????????? ?????????????. ??????????????? ????
  ??????????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ?????????
  ? ????????????????, ???????????????? ???????.
• ??????????? ????????
• ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????
• ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????, ????
  ????????, ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???
  ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????????????
  ????????????? ???????
• ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????
• ??????-???? ???, ???????? ???????? ????, ??????
  (??? ???????) ?????????? ???????????
  ???????-??????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????
  ??????? ???? ???.

26
??????????? ???????? ???? ? ??? ??????
Safeguards and WTOImplications

• ???? 6 Lesson 6
• ?????? ???????????????????? ?? ????????? ?
  ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??
  ??????, ??????????? ???????? ???? ? ???????
  ????????????, ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????,
  ????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ???????
  ????????????????? ???????? ????????,
  ????????????? ????????????? ????????. Being non
  discriminatory and costly for the country
  applying them, safeguards are less likely than
  other measures of contingent protection to be
  used to satisfy the hidden protectionist agenda
  of specific interest groups.