Herbal medicine boom 'threatens plants'

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Herbal medicine boom 'threatens plants'

• 9 January 2004 Source NewScientist.com
• If the huge boom in herbal medicine continues
  unchecked, up to a fifth of the plant species on
  which the industry depends could disappear,
  according to new reports. This could in turn
  jeopardize the health and livelihoods of the poor
  in India and China who harvest them.
• Studies are showing that the industry  which
  fuels a world market worth US20 billion
   largely fails to ensure its raw material is
  harvested sustainably. The conservation group
  Plantlife International will publish a report
  next week that reveals an uncertain future for
  many of the wild plants.
• Some experts say Plantlife's criticism is too
  conservative. Whole forests have already been
  decimated because of the demand for African
  cherry bark, used to treat prostate problems.
  Only a concerted effort by herbal practitioners,
  environmental groups and the industry itself can,
  they say, turn the tide.

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Figure 27.1  The three major lineages of life
Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles
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Types of cellsprokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

• Have a nuclear envelope
• DNA double stranded
• Have 2 chromosomes
• Have membrane bound organelles
• Have asexual reprdn by mitosis
• Have sex by fusion

• No nuclear envelope
• Have single strand of DNA
• No chromosomes
• No membranes
• Asexual reproduction by fission
• No sexual reproduction

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Cell theory

• Cell is basic unit of life
• Organisms are composed of cells
• Cells arise from preexisting cells

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The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis
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The mitochondrion, site of cellular respiration
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Ribosomes site of protein synthesis
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Figure 7.19  Peroxisome
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Endosymbiosis theory (Lynn Margulis, 1970s)
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Eukaryotic Origins

• A. Invagination of plasma membrane
• B. Endosymbiosis
• Symbiosis An ecological relationship between
  organisms of 2 different species that live
  together in direct contact.
• How did this get started?
• prey or parasite

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Evidence

• modern-day endosymbiotic relationships
• common among protists
• similarity between eubacteria the chloroplasts
  mitochondria of eukaryotes
• size
• inner membrane systems, enzymes, electron
  transport systems
• reproduction resembles binary fission
• circular DNA

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Diffusion

• Particles or molecules move from high to low
  concentration

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Osmosis passive transport of water across
membrane

• hypotonic smaller solute concentration
• hypertonic greater solute concentration
• Water flows from hypotonic to hypertonic

hyper
hypo
hypo
hyper
Water balance of living cells
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Cell cycle in Eukaryote

• Interphase (90 cycle cycle)
• DNA replication (S)
• cell growth (G1, G2)
• protein (incl. enzymes) synthesis organelle
  formation (S, G1, G2)
• Nuclear division (mitosis or meiosis)
• Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

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Time in each phase of cell cycle

• http//www.sidwell.edu/sidwell.resources/bio/Virtu
  alLB/cellcycle.html
• http//www.sidwell.edu/sidwell.resources/bio/Virtu
  alLB/cellcycle.html
• Onion
• Human cell
• Interphase (hours)
• G1 6.3 hr, S 7.0 hr, G2 2.0 hr
• Mitosis (0.7 hour) P 25.2 min, M 2.1 min, A
  2.1 min, T 12.6 min

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Mitosis

• Function
• Replace cells
• Growth
• Asexual reproduction (cloning)
• Steps
• Division of nucleus
• Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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Fig. 19.1
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Figure 12.3  Chromosome duplication and
distribution during mitosis
chromatid
sister chromatids
sister chromatids
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Mitosis in a plant cell
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Stages of mitosis

• Prophase chromatin coils into compact
  chromosomes

Metaphase line up on equator
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Anaphase chromatid of each chromosome pulled
apart and drawn to opposite poles
Telophase chromosomes at opposite poles
chromosome decondense nuclear membrane forms
Metaphase line up on equator
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Cytokinesis in animal and plant cells
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Mitosis in an onion root