STAGE ONE OUTDOOR EDUCATION

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STAGE ONE OUTDOOR EDUCATION

• FIRST AID

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Personal First Aid Kit

• Triangular Bandage
• Band Aids
• Panadol or similar
• Sunburn Cream
• 1x 50mm or 75mm Roller Bandage
• Extra personal requirements
• Pack in small container.
• Does not deplete group first aid kit as they are
  commonly used.

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First Aid

• Help given in the case of an accident or sudden
  illness.
• Medical Aid usually follows First Aid and is
  given by Medical Personnel.

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Principles Priorities

• Principles of First Aid
• Four Aims
• 1. To preserve life
• 2. To protect the unconscious victim
• 3. To prevent the condition from worsening and to
  relieve pain
• 4. To promote recovery

• Priorities of Basic Life Support
• 1. Maintain or restore respiration and
  circulation
• 2. Control Bleeding
• 3. Minimise Shock

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Emergency Action Principles

• 1. Survey the scene - check for danger to the
  victim and rescuer
• 2. Primary Survey 1. Conscious state
• 2. Airway
• 3. Breathing
• 4. Circulation
• 5. Severe bleeding
• 3. Call emergency personnel for help
• 4. Secondary Survey 1. Question victim or
  bystanders
• 2. Check vital signs
• 3. Check for signs and symptoms of injury
• or illness

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History, Signs Symptoms

• Assessment of a conscious casualty.
• HISTORY from victim or bystanders.
• SYMPTOMS described by the casualty - what they
  feel.
• SIGNS observed by the first aider.

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Record Keeping

• Rules for record keeping
• Clear
• Concise
• Accurate
• Facts only
• Confidential
• Note In the field may need to keep a record of
  changes in vital signs and symptoms while waiting
  for help.

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Unconscious Person

• PROTECTION OF AIRWAY
• LATERAL POSITION
• turning on side
• clear mouth - scoop out with fingers
• open airway - head tilt jaw support
• assess breathing then circulation
• check for other injuries - full body search also
  looking for medical alert
• loosen tight clothing at neck
• Note Never place unconscious person on their
  back except for resus. Never give food or fluids.

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Head Injuries

• DROWSY
• check ears and nose for discharge (yellow or
  clear)
• if discharge cover lightly with clean pad and lay
  down with discharge side down - do not plug
• rest on side
• observe vital signs
• seek prompt medical advice

• UNCONSCIOUS
• lateral position
• ABC
• check ears / nose for discharge
• ambulance to hospital

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Concussion

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• headache
• memory loss
• nausea and vomiting
• blurred vision
• giddiness or fainting
• mental confusion
• loss of coordination

• MANAGEMENT IF ALERT
• check for discharges
• treat any bruises
• rest lying down with one pillow
• seek medical advice
• observe for several hours for safety

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Asthma

• Asthma attack caused by spasm or narrowing of the
  bronchioles, swelling of the mucous membrane
  lining the airways, increased mucus secretion
  into the airways.
• PREVENTION
• follow medical plan
• use prescribed medication
• stop all activity when coughing, wheezing or
  breathing difficulty

• TRIGGER FACTORS
• Infections - colds, flu etc.
• dust, smoke
• pollens
• food colourings
• animal fur, hair, dander
• sudden changes in temperature
• exercise

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Asthma Cont.

• RECOGNITION
• Wheezing and/or noisy breathing
• chest tightness and/or shortness of breath
• persistent coughing, especially at night
• Note Not all asthmatics wheeze.

• MANAGEMENT
• stop all activity
• rest with arms supported
• assist with prescribed medication
• if no relief in 5 minutes, repeat dose and seek
  immediate medical aid
• Note Refer early dont resuscitate late.

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EAR

• Every cell in the body needs a constant supply of
  oxygen. If the vital centres such as the brain
  and heart are kept short of oxygen for 4 minutes
  serious damage may occur.
• 5 quick breaths within 10 seconds
• breathe into casualty and watch chest rise
• remove mouth turn head towards casualties chest
• check pulse - if pulse
• continue with regular breaths - one every 4
  seconds for adult
• - infant every 3 seconds
• continue until - victim recovers
• - trained help arrives
• - rescuer exhausted

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CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION - cpr

• External Cardiac Compressions Expired Air
  Resuscitation
• ECC EAR
• Criteria for - No response
• - No breathing
• - No pulse
• Casualty on firm flat surface on their back
• Locate centre of sternum - heel hand just below
  ensuring still some sternum below hand
• Depress sternum 15 times at 60-80 time per minute
  followed by 2 EAR
• Continue with 4 cycles of 15 compressions and 2
  breathes per minute
• Recovery check first minute then every two minutes

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Drowning

• Survey the scene - danger
• Primary survey
• Remove victim from water
• Lateral position - often water will drain from
  mouth and throat and person will start to breathe
• Do not pump stomach or arms and legs

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Choking

• Victim Breathing
• reassure
• do not slap
• allow to cough
• Victim Not Breathing
• place in lateral position
• check airway
• 4 upward back blows
• recheck airway
• 4 lateral thrusts
• recheck airway
• resuscitate

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Shock

• Shock is caused by a reduced blood flow through
  the body.
• RECOGNITION
• Feel faint or giddy
• Pale
• Cold clammy skin
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Nausea or vomiting
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Thirst - if loss of body fluids

• MANAGEMENT
• Maintain respiration and circulation
• Control bleeding
• Treat other major injuries
• Reassure casualty
• Loosen tight clothing
• Raise legs if injury permits
• Maintain temperature but do not overheat
• No food or fluids unless in remote area

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Fainting

• Due to inadequate blood supply to the brain
• MANAGEMENT
• Lie casualty down on ground with legs raised
• Loosen tight clothing

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Internal Bleeding

• History
• of sufficient injury to cause bleeding
• of medical condition
• Signs and Symptoms
• pain and tenderness
• swelling and tension may be felt
• shock
• appearance of blood from a body opening

• Management
• Place casualty at rest in position of most
  comfort
• Raise legs if injury allows
• Reassure
• Nothing to eat or drink
• Observe and record breathing and pulse
• Ambulance to hospital

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Triangular Bandages

• Folding
• Reef Knot - left over right, right over left
• Compression bandage - control of bleeding
• Knee Elbow - grazes
• Hand Foot - grazes burns
• Elevation sling - hand and finger injury, rib
  fracture
• Horizontal sling - wrist or lower arm injury,
  collar bone fracture

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External Bleeding

• Human body has 70 to 80 ml of blood / 1kg body
  weight.
• Adult approx 6 litres
• If loose one quarter of blood volume - got
  problems.
• Management
• Direct pressure
• Pressure bandage
• Elevate injured part
• If bleeding continues through dressing relocate
  or reapply
• If continues to bleed after this - remove padding
  and apply direct pressure with fingers or hand.

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Bleeding form nose or ear

• Nose Bleed
• Breathe through mouth
• Sitting with head forward
• Squeeze nostrils together and hold for 10 minutes
• Cold compress may be placed over the neck or
  forehead
• Do not blow nose for several hours.

• Bleeding from ear
• Lay casualty down with bleeding ear down
• Clean pad over the ear
• Do not plug the ear
• Medical assistance

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Tooth Dislodged Impaled Object

• Tooth Dislodged
• Replace tooth promptly
• If dirty ask casualty to suck clean or wash in
  milk.
• DO NOT wash in water
• Mould plastic wrap or foil over to hold in place
• Casualty bite on firm pad
• If unable to replace tooth carry in mouth or milk
  or saliva
• Seek prompt dental advice

• Impaled Object
• Leave object in place
• Doughnut bandage around and apply pressure around
  the wound
• Raise affected area as for bleeding

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Puncture Wound Abrasions

• PUNCTURE WOUND
• Wash wound under running water
• Clean wound with antiseptic wipe
• Dry thoroughly
• Apply povidine-iodine solution
• Seek medical advice on tetanus risk

• ABRASIONS
• Wash wound under running water
• Clean wound with antiseptic wipe
• Dry thoroughly
• Apply povidine-iodine solution
• Cover wound with non-stick dressing

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Crush Injury

• Control serious bleeding, cover wounds
• If crush force can be removed easily, remove the
  weight at once
• Keep casualty flat and at total rest
• Raise legs if injury permits
• Immobilise part with soft padding, but avoid
  undue pressure
• Observe ABC every 10 minutes and watch for severe
  shock or sudden collapse
• NOTE If crushing force has been in place for
  more than one hour send for medical aid before
  attempting release.

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Eye - Foreign Body Removal

• Flush eye with saline solution or tap water
• Make one attempt to remove foreign body from
  white of the eye or eye lid with well moistened
  surgical spear
• If unsuccessful, pad over the eye and seek
  medical help.
• NOTE Do not try to remove an embedded foreign
  body from coloured part of the eye as over this
  is the clear cornea which can be damaged easily.

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Heat Exhaustion

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• Cool moist skin
• Rapid weak pulse
• Headache
• Faintness
• Cramps

• MANAGEMENT
• Rest in cool shaded place with legs raised
• Offer small drinks of clear fluid
• Sponge exposed skin surfaces with cool water

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Heat Stroke

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• Hot dry skin
• Full bounding pulse
• Headache
• Faintness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Restlessness
• Unconsciousness

• MANAGEMENT
• Immediate cooling with cold compress
• Rest in cool place with head raised
• Urgent medical aid

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Hypothermia

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• casualty feels cold and looks pale
• shivering
• poor coordination
• slurred speech
• mental dulling
• slow breathing and pulse
• loss of consciousness
• vital signs difficult to detect

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Hypothermia - management

• MILD
• shelter first
• prevent further cooling
• rewarm
• offer warm sweet drinks
• DO NOT
• give alcohol
• rub or massage
• encourage exercise
• expose victim to excessive heat
• remove wet clothing until rewarmed in shelter

• SEVERE
• shelter
• rest in horizontal position
• prevent further cooling
• gentle / gradual rewarming
• send for medical aid

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Burns and Scalds

• DRY HEAT
• cold water for ten minutes (by clock)
• sterile dressing
• seek medical advice
• remove any constrictions such as bracelets, rings
  immediately due to swelling will occur

• WET HEAT - SCALDS
• remove any saturated clothing before cooling
• treat as dry heat

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Cryogenic Burns - frost bite

• SIGNS SYMPTOMS
• prickling pain / numbness
• impaired movement
• skin feels hard and stiff
• skin appears wax-white or mottled blue

• MANAGEMENT
• gently remove clothing
• gently remove constrictions
• rewarm by skin to skin heat transfer
• raise affected part
• cover with soft dressing
• hospital

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Beesting

• brush sting out - DO NOT pull barb out
• cold compress / ice pack
• raise area to limit swelling
• can be more severe if stung above shoulders -
  swelling throat
• IF KNOWN TO BE ALLERGIC TO BEE VENOM
• assist victim to take any prescribed medication
  promptly
• avoid all unnecessary activity and movement
• seek medical aid at once
• observe ABC constantly

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Snake Bite

• keep casualty calm - reassure - not all snake
  bite victims envenomated
• apply pressure over the bite
• apply firm roller bandage over bite, then bandage
  up from bite site as far as possible to include
  all of the limb
• immobilise area
• bring medical aid the victim

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Soft Tissue Injuries

• Bruises breaking of under lying blood vessels
  and tissue causing bleeding under the skin
• Sprains when ligaments around joint are over
  stretched or torn
• Strains over stretching muscle or tendon
• MANAGEMENT
• place casualty in position of most comfort
• raise injured part
• apply firm bandage - compression
• ice compress over bandage
• avoid using heat for 48 hours
• RICES

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Fractures

• Cracked or broken bone is called a fracture
• Closed Fracture - bone damaged but skin undamaged
• Open Fracture - wound is present over broken bone
• Complicated Fracture - a broken bone which has
  damaged a neighboring organ
• Symptoms - pain, loss of power, tenderness
• Signs - swelling, discolouration, deformity,
  shortening, abnormal mobility

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Fracture Management

• UNCONSCIOUS
• lateral position
• observe ABC
• steady and support injured part
• ambulance to hospital
• If ambulance transport is delayed - immobilise
  injured part with bandages, padding or other
  available material.

• CONSCIOUS
• rest casualty in position of most comfort
• steady and support injured part
• treat for shock
• arrange medical help

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Fractured Parts

• JAW
• ensure clear airway is maintained for both
  conscious and unconscious
• conscious casualty sit with jaw supported - hand,
  pillow
• UPPER LIMB
• support arm in most comfortable position - using
  padding, sling or improvised
• RIBS
• very painful to breathe
• half sitting position as comfortable as victim
  wishes
• bandage if casualty allows
• watch for sucking wound as often associated with
  lung puncture

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Spinal Injury

• Leave in position if conscious
• If unconscious - lateral position but roll gently
  as possible

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SALTAPS

• S Stop
• A Ask, what happened
• L Look, casualty and whole scene, compare sides
• T Touch, gentle feel starting below injury
• A Active Movement, what can they do?
• P Passive Movement, offer resistance
• S Stand, can continue

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DOLOR

• D Description from injured person
• O Onset and Duration. When did pain start and how
  long?
• L Location. Where is the pain?
• O Other signs and symptoms
• R Relief. Has anything been tried for relief?