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15-213

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Taken from old exams. Assume machine with 32 bit word size, two's complement integers ... Other esoteric stuff. Do Use When Need Extra Bit's Worth of Range ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 15-213


1
15-213The course that gives CMU its Zip!
IntegersSep 3, 2002
  • Topics
  • Numeric Encodings
  • Unsigned Twos complement
  • Programming Implications
  • C promotion rules
  • Basic operations
  • Addition, negation, multiplication
  • Programming Implications
  • Consequences of overflow
  • Using shifts to perform power-of-2 multiply/divide

class03.ppt
15-213 F02
2
C Puzzles
  • Taken from old exams
  • Assume machine with 32 bit word size, twos
    complement integers
  • For each of the following C expressions, either
  • Argue that is true for all argument values
  • Give example where not true
  • x lt 0 ??? ((x2) lt 0)
  • ux gt 0
  • x 7 7 ??? (xltlt30) lt 0
  • ux gt -1
  • x gt y ??? -x lt -y
  • x x gt 0
  • x gt 0 y gt 0 ??? x y gt 0
  • x gt 0 ?? -x lt 0
  • x lt 0 ?? -x gt 0

Initialization
int x foo() int y bar() unsigned ux
x unsigned uy y
3
Encoding Integers
Unsigned
Twos Complement
short int x 15213 short int y -15213
Sign Bit
  • C short 2 bytes long
  • Sign Bit
  • For 2s complement, most significant bit
    indicates sign
  • 0 for nonnegative
  • 1 for negative

4
Encoding Example (Cont.)
x 15213 00111011 01101101 y
-15213 11000100 10010011
5
Numeric Ranges
  • Unsigned Values
  • UMin 0
  • 0000
  • UMax 2w 1
  • 1111
  • Twos Complement Values
  • TMin 2w1
  • 1000
  • TMax 2w1 1
  • 0111
  • Other Values
  • Minus 1
  • 1111

Values for W 16
6
Values for Different Word Sizes
  • C Programming
  •  include ltlimits.hgt
  • KR App. B11
  • Declares constants, e.g.,
  •  ULONG_MAX
  •  LONG_MAX
  •  LONG_MIN
  • Values platform-specific
  • Observations
  • TMin TMax 1
  • Asymmetric range
  • UMax 2 TMax 1

7
Unsigned Signed Numeric Values
  • Equivalence
  • Same encodings for nonnegative values
  • Uniqueness
  • Every bit pattern represents unique integer value
  • Each representable integer has unique bit
    encoding
  • ? Can Invert Mappings
  • U2B(x) B2U-1(x)
  • Bit pattern for unsigned integer
  • T2B(x) B2T-1(x)
  • Bit pattern for twos comp integer

8
Casting Signed to Unsigned
  • C Allows Conversions from Signed to Unsigned
  • Resulting Value
  • No change in bit representation
  • Nonnegative values unchanged
  • ux 15213
  • Negative values change into (large) positive
    values
  • uy 50323

short int x 15213 unsigned
short int ux (unsigned short) x short int
y -15213 unsigned short int uy
(unsigned short) y
9
Relation between Signed Unsigned
10
Relation Between Signed Unsigned
  • uy y 2 32768 y 65536

11
Signed vs. Unsigned in C
  • Constants
  • By default are considered to be signed integers
  • Unsigned if have U as suffix
  • 0U, 4294967259U
  • Casting
  • Explicit casting between signed unsigned same
    as U2T and T2U
  • int tx, ty
  • unsigned ux, uy
  • tx (int) ux
  • uy (unsigned) ty
  • Implicit casting also occurs via assignments and
    procedure calls
  • tx ux
  • uy ty

12
Casting Surprises
  • Expression Evaluation
  • If mix unsigned and signed in single expression,
    signed values implicitly cast to unsigned
  • Including comparison operations lt, gt, , lt, gt
  • Examples for W 32
  • Constant1 Constant2 Relation Evaluation
  • 0 0U
  • -1 0
  • -1 0U
  • 2147483647 -2147483648
  • 2147483647U -2147483648
  • -1 -2
  • (unsigned) -1 -2
  • 2147483647 2147483648U
  • 2147483647 (int) 2147483648U

0 0U unsigned -1 0 lt signed -1 0U gt unsigned
2147483647 -2147483648 gt signed 2147483647U -2
147483648 lt unsigned -1 -2 gt signed (unsigned)
-1 -2 gt unsigned 2147483647 2147483648U
lt unsigned 2147483647 (int)
2147483648U gt signed
13
Explanation of Casting Surprises
  • 2s Comp. ? Unsigned
  • Ordering Inversion
  • Negative ? Big Positive

14
Sign Extension
  • Task
  • Given w-bit signed integer x
  • Convert it to wk-bit integer with same value
  • Rule
  • Make k copies of sign bit
  • X ? xw1 ,, xw1 , xw1 , xw2 ,, x0

k copies of MSB
15
Sign Extension Example
short int x 15213 int ix (int) x
short int y -15213 int iy (int) y
  • Converting from smaller to larger integer data
    type
  • C automatically performs sign extension

16
Justification For Sign Extension
  • Prove Correctness by Induction on k
  • Induction Step extending by single bit maintains
    value
  • Key observation 2w1 2w 2w1
  • Look at weight of upper bits
  • X 2w1 xw1
  • X ? 2w xw1 2w1 xw1 2w1 xw1

17
Why Should I Use Unsigned?
  • Dont Use Just Because Number Nonzero
  • C compilers on some machines generate less
    efficient code
  • unsigned i
  • for (i 1 i lt cnt i)
  • ai ai-1
  • Easy to make mistakes
  • for (i cnt-2 i gt 0 i--)
  • ai ai1
  • Do Use When Performing Modular Arithmetic
  • Multiprecision arithmetic
  • Other esoteric stuff
  • Do Use When Need Extra Bits Worth of Range
  • Working right up to limit of word size

18
Negating with Complement Increment
  • Claim Following Holds for 2s Complement
  • x 1 -x
  • Complement
  • Observation x x 1111112 -1
  • Increment
  • x x (-x 1) -1 (-x 1)
  • x 1 -x
  • Warning Be cautious treating ints as integers
  • OK here

19
Comp. Incr. Examples
x 15213
0
20
Unsigned Addition
u
Operands w bits
v

True Sum w1 bits
u v
Discard Carry w bits
UAddw(u , v)
  • Standard Addition Function
  • Ignores carry output
  • Implements Modular Arithmetic
  • s UAddw(u , v) u v mod 2w

21
Visualizing Integer Addition
  • Integer Addition
  • 4-bit integers u, v
  • Compute true sum Add4(u , v)
  • Values increase linearly with u and v
  • Forms planar surface

Add4(u , v)
v
u
22
Visualizing Unsigned Addition
  • Wraps Around
  • If true sum 2w
  • At most once

Overflow
UAdd4(u , v)
True Sum
Overflow
v
Modular Sum
u
23
Mathematical Properties
  • Modular Addition Forms an Abelian Group
  • Closed under addition
  • 0  ? UAddw(u , v)   ?  2w 1
  • Commutative
  • UAddw(u , v)     UAddw(v , u)
  • Associative
  • UAddw(t, UAddw(u , v))     UAddw(UAddw(t, u ),
    v)
  • 0 is additive identity
  • UAddw(u , 0)    u
  • Every element has additive inverse
  • Let UCompw (u )   2w u
  • UAddw(u , UCompw (u ))    0

24
Twos Complement Addition
u
Operands w bits
v

True Sum w1 bits
u v
Discard Carry w bits
TAddw(u , v)
  • TAdd and UAdd have Identical Bit-Level Behavior
  • Signed vs. unsigned addition in C
  • int s, t, u, v
  • s (int) ((unsigned) u (unsigned) v)
  • t u v
  • Will give s t

25
Characterizing TAdd
  • Functionality
  • True sum requires w1 bits
  • Drop off MSB
  • Treat remaining bits as 2s comp. integer

PosOver
NegOver
(NegOver)
(PosOver)
26
Visualizing 2s Comp. Addition
NegOver
  • Values
  • 4-bit twos comp.
  • Range from -8 to 7
  • Wraps Around
  • If sum ? 2w1
  • Becomes negative
  • At most once
  • If sum lt 2w1
  • Becomes positive
  • At most once

TAdd4(u , v)
v
u
PosOver
27
Detecting 2s Comp. Overflow
  • Task
  • Given s TAddw(u , v)
  • Determine if s Addw(u , v)
  • Example
  • int s, u, v
  • s u v
  • Claim
  • Overflow iff either
  • u, v lt 0, s ? 0 (NegOver)
  • u, v ? 0, s lt 0 (PosOver)
  • ovf (ult0 vlt0) (ult0 ! slt0)

28
Mathematical Properties of TAdd
  • Isomorphic Algebra to UAdd
  • TAddw(u , v) U2T(UAddw(T2U(u ), T2U(v)))
  • Since both have identical bit patterns
  • Twos Complement Under TAdd Forms a Group
  • Closed, Commutative, Associative, 0 is additive
    identity
  • Every element has additive inverse
  • Let TCompw (u )    U2T(UCompw(T2U(u ))
  • TAddw(u , TCompw (u ))    0

29
Multiplication
  • Computing Exact Product of w-bit numbers x, y
  • Either signed or unsigned
  • Ranges
  • Unsigned 0 x y (2w 1) 2 22w 2w1
    1
  • Up to 2w bits
  • Twos complement min x y (2w1)(2w11)
    22w2 2w1
  • Up to 2w1 bits
  • Twos complement max x y (2w1) 2 22w2
  • Up to 2w bits, but only for (TMinw)2
  • Maintaining Exact Results
  • Would need to keep expanding word size with each
    product computed
  • Done in software by arbitrary precision
    arithmetic packages

30
Unsigned Multiplication in C
u
Operands w bits
v

u v
True Product 2w bits
UMultw(u , v)
Discard w bits w bits
  • Standard Multiplication Function
  • Ignores high order w bits
  • Implements Modular Arithmetic
  • UMultw(u , v) u v mod 2w

31
Unsigned vs. Signed Multiplication
  • Unsigned Multiplication
  • unsigned ux (unsigned) x
  • unsigned uy (unsigned) y
  • unsigned up ux uy
  • Truncates product to w-bit number up
    UMultw(ux, uy)
  • Modular arithmetic up ux ? uy mod 2w
  • Twos Complement Multiplication
  • int x, y
  • int p x y
  • Compute exact product of two w-bit numbers x, y
  • Truncate result to w-bit number p TMultw(x, y)

32
Unsigned vs. Signed Multiplication
  • Unsigned Multiplication
  • unsigned ux (unsigned) x
  • unsigned uy (unsigned) y
  • unsigned up ux uy
  • Twos Complement Multiplication
  • int x, y
  • int p x y
  • Relation
  • Signed multiplication gives same bit-level result
    as unsigned
  • up (unsigned) p

33
Power-of-2 Multiply with Shift
  • Operation
  • u ltlt k gives u 2k
  • Both signed and unsigned
  • Examples
  • u ltlt 3 u 8
  • u ltlt 5 - u ltlt 3 u 24
  • Most machines shift and add much faster than
    multiply
  • Compiler generates this code automatically

k
u
  
Operands w bits
2k

0
0
1
0
0
0


u 2k
True Product wk bits
0
0
0

UMultw(u , 2k)
0
0
0


Discard k bits w bits
TMultw(u , 2k)
34
Unsigned Power-of-2 Divide with Shift
  • Quotient of Unsigned by Power of 2
  • u gtgt k gives ? u / 2k ?
  • Uses logical shift

k
u
Binary Point

Operands
2k
/
0
0
1
0
0
0


u / 2k
Division
.

0

Result
? u / 2k ?

0

35
Signed Power-of-2 Divide with Shift
  • Quotient of Signed by Power of 2
  • x gtgt k gives ? x / 2k ?
  • Uses arithmetic shift
  • Rounds wrong direction when u lt 0

36
Correct Power-of-2 Divide
  • Quotient of Negative Number by Power of 2
  • Want ? x / 2k ? (Round Toward 0)
  • Compute as ? (x2k-1)/ 2k ?
  • In C (x (1ltltk)-1) gtgt k
  • Biases dividend toward 0
  • Case 1 No rounding

k
Dividend
u
1

0
0
0

2k 1
0
0
0
1
1
1


Binary Point
1

1
1
1

Divisor
2k
/
0
0
1
0
0
0


? u / 2k ?
.
1

0
1
1

1
1
1
1

Biasing has no effect
37
Correct Power-of-2 Divide (Cont.)
Case 2 Rounding
k
Dividend
x
1


2k 1
0
0
0
1
1
1


1


Binary Point
Incremented by 1
Divisor
2k
/
0
0
1
0
0
0


? x / 2k ?
.
1

0
1
1

1

Biasing adds 1 to final result
Incremented by 1
38
Properties of Unsigned Arithmetic
  • Unsigned Multiplication with Addition Forms
    Commutative Ring
  • Addition is commutative group
  • Closed under multiplication
  • 0  ? UMultw(u , v)  ?  2w 1
  • Multiplication Commutative
  • UMultw(u , v)     UMultw(v , u)
  • Multiplication is Associative
  • UMultw(t, UMultw(u , v))     UMultw(UMultw(t, u
    ), v)
  • 1 is multiplicative identity
  • UMultw(u , 1)    u
  • Multiplication distributes over addtion
  • UMultw(t, UAddw(u , v))     UAddw(UMultw(t, u ),
    UMultw(t, v))

39
Properties of Twos Comp. Arithmetic
  • Isomorphic Algebras
  • Unsigned multiplication and addition
  • Truncating to w bits
  • Twos complement multiplication and addition
  • Truncating to w bits
  • Both Form Rings
  • Isomorphic to ring of integers mod 2w
  • Comparison to Integer Arithmetic
  • Both are rings
  • Integers obey ordering properties, e.g.,
  • u gt 0 ? u v gt v
  • u gt 0, v gt 0 ? u v gt 0
  • These properties are not obeyed by twos comp.
    arithmetic
  • TMax 1 TMin
  • 15213 30426 -10030 (16-bit words)

40
C Puzzle Answers
  • Assume machine with 32 bit word size, twos comp.
    integers
  • TMin makes a good counterexample in many cases
  • x lt 0 ?? ((x2) lt 0) False TMin
  • ux gt 0 True 0 UMin
  • x 7 7 ?? (xltlt30) lt 0 True x1 1
  • ux gt -1 False 0
  • x gt y ?? -x lt -y False -1, TMin
  • x x gt 0 False 30426
  • x gt 0 y gt 0 ?? x y gt 0 False TMax, TMax
  • x gt 0 ?? -x lt 0 True TMax lt 0
  • x lt 0 ?? -x gt 0 False TMin
  • x lt 0 ?? ((x2) lt 0)
  • ux gt 0
  • x 7 7 ?? (xltlt30) lt 0
  • ux gt -1
  • x gt y ?? -x lt -y
  • x x gt 0
  • x gt 0 y gt 0 ?? x y gt 0
  • x gt 0 ?? -x lt 0
  • x lt 0 ?? -x gt 0
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