The Life Cycle

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The Life Cycle
P
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Neuroptera Coleoptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera
Mecoptera Siphonoptera Strepsiptera Diptera
250 Mya
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Nematocera Brachycera Muscomorpha Cyclorrhapha
Schizophora Calyptrata Acalyptrata

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Camillidae Steganinae Cladocheata
etc Zaprionus etc s.g. Drosophila Chymomyza
etc s.g. Sophopora
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Drosophila melanogaster subgroup Drosophila
melanogaster - cosmopolitan - 1830 Drosophila
simulans - cosmopolitan - 1919 Drosophila
mauritiana - Mauritius - 1974 Drosophila
sechellia - Seychelles -1981 Drosophila yakuba -
Equatorial Africa - 1954 Drosophila santomea -
Sao Tome - 2000 Drosophila teissieri -
Equatorial Africa - 1979 Drosophila erecta -
Central West Africa - 1974 Drosophila orena -
Cameroons - 1978
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mel f x sim m
sim f x mel m
Viable, sterile f Viable, sterile
m Larval lethal m
Embryo lethal
f
aabb
AAbb x aaBB


AaBb Hmr allele of melanogaster (transcription
factor) Lhr allele of simulans (chromatin binding
protein)
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Eventually, the story of the chromosomal
mechanisms and itsevolution will have to be
entirely rewritten in molecular terms.Michael
White, 1973, Animal Cytology Evolution, 2nd
edition.
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Paracentric inversions are the most common
rearrangement

• Segregating in 106 out 183 species.
• - 57 - (Powell 1997).

• 22000-56000 inversions have
• become fixed during the evolution
• of the genus (Clayton Guest 1986).

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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t a b j i
h g f e d c k l m n o p q r s t a b j l o n m l
k c d e f h i p q r s t a b c d e f g h i j k
l m n o p q r s t a b c d e f g h i o n m l k j
p q r s t a b k l m n o i h g f e d c j p q r s
t
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12 genomes have been sequenced in the genus
Drosophila
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Ectopic recombination between homologous
fragments of DNA
1.
2.
3.
( Cáceres et al. Science 1999 )
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450 Kb
280 Kb
BACs
BACR16N15 BACR42I20 BACR08K01
BACR07M14 BACR45A07
3R of D. melanogaster
centromere
telomere
84F1
93F6-7
centromere
telomere
3R of D. simulans
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Inversion-mediated duplications can result from
staggered isochromatid breaks repair.
A
B
C
D
E
5'
3'
3'
5'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
5'
3'
5'
3'
3'
5'
A
B
C
D
I
J
K
E
F
G
B
C
D
I
H
5'
3'
3'
5'
3'
5'
5'
3'
3'
5'
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Lemeunier Ashburner, 1976
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BLAST-N of D. mel 3R transcripts against D. yak 3R
J. Ranz, C. Bergman M. Ashburner
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Flanking duplications are a common by-product of
the genome reorganization between D. melanogaster
and D. yakuba.
20
9
with
without
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Most inversions occurred in the D. yakuba lineage
28 ( 96.6 )
1 ( 3.4 )
D. yakuba
D. melanogaster
outgroup species
A-B
A-B
A-----B
1
A-----B
A-B
A-B
2
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Large-scale comparison of the gene order
between D. melanogaster and D. yakuba.

12
22
9
12
55 breakpoints


29 inversions
Breakpoints Mb Myr
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Cluster gram based on the number of breakpoints
that correspond to inversions
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Genes within genes within genes
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Number of antisense/sense overlapping pairs of
genes in D. melanogaster
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D. melanogaster is different from H. sapiens.
RIKEN Group and FANTOM Consortium, Antisense
transcription in the mammalian transcriptome.
Science 2005 309(5740)
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Thanks to Jose Ranz (Cambridge). Casey Bergman
(Manchester). Marcin von Grotthuss
(Cambridge). Karen Eilbeck Suzi Lewis
(Berkeley). Lincoln Stein (CSGL) Richard Durbin
(WTGC) Hadi Quesneville (Paris). The MRC for 25
years of continuous funding. The BBSRC for a
grant to Jose. EMBO for support to Marcin. The
Royal Society for a Fellowship to Casey.
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Annotation
Annotated genome
Depth of knowledge
Breadth of knowledge
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Assemblies from the 12 ongoing Drosophila
sequencing projects are available right now
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