Knowledge markets or knowledge spillovers in Canadian Human Health Biotechnology

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Knowledge markets or knowledge spillovers in
Canadian Human Health Biotechnology

• Johanne Queenton
• UQAM, Canada Research Chair in MOT
• ISRN 6th Annual Meeting, Vancouver
• May 15, 2004

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Plan of the presentation

• Introduction
• Research
• Some results
• Discussion
• Conclusion

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Knowledge economy

• Access to relations with strong intensity of
  knowledge (Foray, 2000) Competitive advantage
• Innovation sources Interactions between firm
  scientists, universities and public institutions
  (Powell, 1996).
• Key feature Interdependence in the development
  of technological innovations

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Knowledge Spillovers

• Study of two forms
• Knowledge production function codified forms of
  knowledge
• 2. Movement of people Interactions are more
  geographically delimited when a bioscientist is
  really involved in the creation of a SBFs
  (Audretsch Stephan, 1996)

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Localised Knowledge Spillovers

•  Knowledge spillovers geographically delimited
  allowing near important knowledge sources to
  introduce more rapidly innovations than firms
  located elsewhere  (Breschi Lissoni, 2001).

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Knowledge spillovers vs knowledge markets

•  Pure knowledge externalities do not applied in
  biotechnology, it is more and more market and
  non-market transactions  (Zucker et al., 1998).
•  More and more contractual and proprietary links
  in competitive markets  (Zucker et al., 1998)

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4 observations

• Geographical proximity researchers networks/SBFs
• Knowledge markets, - pure knowledge spillovers
• Interest for knowledge transfer role of  Star
  Scientists 
• Study of their SBFs relations not very elaborated

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Two questions

• Types of relationships between bioscientists and
  SBFs
• Geographical proximity of bioscientists and SBFs

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Research

• Determination of the nature of innovation
  activities in Canadian biotechnology
  agglomerations
• Specific types of links of bioscientists with
  SBFs
• 430 Canadian researchers (inventors, co-inventors
  authors, co-authors of scientific publications
  and discoveries of genetic sequences) - 2
  typologies
• 151 Canadian SBFs having patents and patent
  citations

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Data Collection

• Canadian SBFs assignees patents (USPTO, CIPO,
  EPO) inventory and identification of inventors
  and co-inventors
• Inventors and co-inventors affiliation (SBFs,
  PRIs, or universities)
• Genetic sequences discoveries inventory
  (1990-2002, GenBank)
• Bio-scientists publications enumeration (SCI,
  MedLine, Derwent Biotechnology Abstracts)

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Data Collection

• Database on Canadian SBFs in human health
  Sampling with assignees patents
• Goal Relate knowledge flows within innovation
  systems and biotechnology clusters
• Sources Canadian Biotech. Directory 2001,2002,
  B2B Industry Guide - Contact Canada, Canadian
  Biotech. Firms Annual Reports, SBFs Web Sites,
  Strategis Industry Canada, Statistics Canada

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2 typologies of researchers in Biotechnology
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Number of researchers by category
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Links of bio-scientists with Canadian SBFs

• 3 types of involved researchers in economic
  development of biotechnology
• Scientist with a simple affiliation to a SBFs
  (member of the board)
• Connected scientist Linked to a SBF by invention
  or co-invention of a patent
• Scientist with double affiliations affiliated to
  a SBF and to a university or a PRI

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Distribution of the studied population of
Canadian SBFs by CMAs in 2002
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Distribution of the studied population of
Canadian bioscientists by CMA in 2002
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Bioscientists U.S. Patents by Canadian CMAs in
2002
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Bioscientists publications by Canadian CMAs in
2002
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Bioscientists publications by year in Canadian
CMAs in 2002
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Bioscientists discoveries of genetic sequences by
Canadian CMAs in 2002
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Distribution of Canadian Bioscientists SBFs
links by CMAs in 2002
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Distribution of Canadian bioscientists according
to specific profiles by CMAs in 2002
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Bioscientists Specific Profiles by Canadian CMAs
in 2002
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Discussion

• Type of externality in biotechnology than just
  knowledge spillovers , and market and
  non-market transactions
• Among the studied population
• 54 of Canadian bioscientists with patents or
  publications are linked to SBFs
• 37 are affiliated to SBFs (direction, founders)
• 9 wear two hats (direction university
  professors)

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Discussion

• Observations
• Agglomeration phenomenon around great urban areas
• Importance of geographical proximity of
  affiliated and linked Bio-scientists
• Affiliation phenomenon measure of relational
  intensity researchers/SBFs

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Conclusion

• Measures of 2 I (innovation interdependence)
• Innovation Canadian SBFs Patents
• Interdependence interaction of scientific
  technological development, entrepreneurship
  central in biotechnology

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Conclusion

• In summary,
• Involved stakeholders - Connections
• Contractactual Relationships or proprietary links
• Challenges in competitive markets

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Future research

• Superstars Stars affiliation dynamic in other
  countries
• Study of the percentage of academic Superstars
  Stars having patents and no links with Canadian
  SBFs

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Research Definition of researchers categories
Star Scientists Typology
Bio-Scientists Typology
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Discussion