PARTICIPLE

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PARTICIPLE
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Participle
1) This is the term we often use for two forms of
the English verb

• The ing participle e.g. working , losing
• The PAST PARTICIPLE e.g. worked , lost

2) Many adjectives have the same form as
participles.
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Short Exercise
I saw a ________ house. (burn)
burning
The______ leaves are flying everywhere. (fall)
falling
I dont like ________ rice. (burn)
burnt
A _______ glass is of no use. (break)
broken
An _______ story is always amusing. (interest)
interesting
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Participle clause
1) A participle clause is a subordinate clause in
which the ing participle or the past
participle is the main verb. Such clauses
are found particularly in ltwrittengt English.
2) The participle normally begins the clause.
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2a) adverbial participle clause
Adverbial participle clauses are similar to
clauses of TIME or REASON..
Compare the clauses of following examples
Being a woman of firm views,
Margaret decided to resign.
Since she was a woman of firm views,
Accused of dishonesty by the media,
the Minister decided to resign.
After he had been accused of dishonesty by the
media,
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Short Exercise
________ alive for days, he survived to tell
about the earthquake. (bury)
Buried
Tired and _______ , she dropped out of
the race. (discourage)
discouraged
________ not finished his homework, he is
punished by the teacher. (have)
Having
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2b) Clauses beginning with these conjunctions
can be formed with participles and without a
subject
E.g. if, unless,
(al)though, while,
where, wherever,
whether,
when, whenever, before, after, while, once, until
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E.g. After being accused of dishonesty, he
resigned.
Before meeting the President, the press were
warned not to ask awkward questions.
Once taken, the drug has a deadly effect.
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Short Exercise
After _______ the movie, we had our lunch. (see)
seeing
Before _______ a lunch, we were seen the
movie. (have)
having
Once _______ , the lunch is delicious. (eat)
eaten
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2c) Relative participle clauses
Relative participle clauses give more information
about a noun. The relative pronoun be are
omitted.
E.g. The train arriving at Platform 3... a
man known as 'The Grey Wolf'...
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sitting
( Sit )
1) The boy _________beside Candy is my brother.
knocked
2) The old woman ________down by a car yesterday
died in hospital this morning.
( Knock )
The boy sitting next to Alan is absent today
lt-Wrong
The boy who sits next to Alan is absent today.
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2d) On the whole, it is better not to use
participle clauses in ltspeechgtthey are
too ltformalgt.But in ltwritinggt they can be
useful, because they allow us to say the
same thing as a finite subordinate clause, but
with fewer words.
2e) Sometimes a participle clause has an
expressed subject
E.g. Our company's performance this year has been
slightly disappointing. That said, we
can look forward to improved results
next summer.('Once that has been said,...')
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THE END