Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants from Transport Sector in Indian Megacities

1
Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants from
Transport Sector in Indian Mega-cities

• Sharma1, M. L. Mittal2, N.V. Iyer3
• and C.Y. Deshpande3
• 1National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012
  India
• 2Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus, OH
  43212-1163
• 3Bajaj Auto Limited, Akurdi, Pune - 411 035,
  India

2
Background

• Transport sector is a the major contributor of
  air pollutants especially in the regions of large
  human population like in urban areas.
• In India, transport sector is the second largest
  consumer of energy after industry

3
Background

• HSD and petrol constitute about 98 of total
  Commercial energy consumption in transport
  sector.
• The annual growth rate of consumption of HSD and
  petrol during 1980-81 to 1990-91 period was 4.9,
  which increased to 5.6 during 1990-91 to 1997-98
  period

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BackgroundIndia has seen a rapid growth in the
vehicle population
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Major Components for Estimation of Emissions from
Transport Sector

• Activity Data Vehicle population by types
• Emission Factors Highly uncertain due to
  inherent complexities like differences in vehicle
  technologies, maintenance of vehicles,
  differences in fuel types and fuel qualities etc.
  

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Methodology

• Development of Emission Factors
• Validation of Developed Emission Factors for a
  Test Case
• Estimation of Emissions of Pollutants for Seven
  Indian Mega-cities

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Development of Emission Factors

• Concentrations and mass emission factors (EF) of
  CO, CO2, SO2, NO, and HC in the exhaust emissions
  from different kinds of vehicle plying on Indian
  roads are computed using basic principles of
  combustion.
• It is assumed that all the vehicles have new
  engines and that the Indian Driving Cycle (IDC)
  represents the average driving pattern on the
  Indian roads.
• These assumptions were necessitated by the fact
  that very little information is available for
  in-use vehicles about their air-fuel ratios which
  depends on several factors including maintenance
  of vehicles.

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Development of Emission Factors

• The EF in IC engines depends upon
• Chemical Composition of Fuel
• Air to Fuel Ratio
• Fuel Consumption at Different Speeds
• (Indian Driving Cycle for two and three wheelers
  and Modified Indian Driving Cycle for four
  wheelers have been used to calculate Emission
  Factors per unit distance traveled from computed
  emissions at different speeds assuming that these
  driving cycles represent average driving pattern)
  

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Development of Emission Factors

• Parameters which have not been taken into
  account
• Road parameters
• Aging of vehicles
• Adulteration in Fuel
• (Due to paucity of available information)

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Development of Emission Factors

• Emission of pollutants have been estimated at
  different speeds using the vehicles air to fuel
  ratios for different classes of vehicles.
• These were then used to calculate Emission
  Factors for unit distance traveled using
  appropriate Indian Driving Cycles

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Categories of vehicles

• 1.      Two stroke two-wheeler (2W2S)
• 2.      Four stroke two-wheeler (2W4S)
• 3.      Two stroke three-wheeler (3W2S)
• 4.      Four stroke three-wheeler (3W4S)
• 5.      Four wheeler gasoline (4WG)
• 6.      Four wheeler diesel (4WD)
• 7.      Heavy Duty Diesel Low sulfur (HDDLS)
• 8.      Heavy Duty Diesel High sulfur (HDDHS)

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Pollutants for which Emission Factors have been
determined

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NO)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Hydrocarbon (HC)

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Validation
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Validation
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Computed Mass Emission Factors for Different
Vehicles
FC Fuel consumption Blank cells Not
calculated in present computation
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Population of vehicles and distance traveled by
vehicles in Indian Mega-cities
P in thousands D km/day
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Emission estimates (in thousand tons) from seven
Indian major cities for 1997-98
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Thanks for your attention!
Let us all contribute to make this world better
by adopting eco-friendly technologies!