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Title: Shoshone Paiute Tribes


1
Shoshone Paiute Tribes
2
The Duck Valley Indian Reservation
  • Approximately 289,820 tribally-owned acres (452
    square miles) equally straddling the Idaho/Nevada
    border
  • High Desert elevation 5,300-9,000 feet
  • Approximately 1,800 enrolled Tribal members
  • Our department currently employs 4 full time
    staff and 12 seasonal staff, all Tribal except
    for 2 biologists
  • Livestock ranching agriculture are primary
    economic resources and sources of employment

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Current Land Uses
  • Ranching Most areas that are accessible to
    livestock are grazed
  • Flood Irrigated Agriculture 13,000 acres along
    river and streams
  • Recreation

6
Predominant Habitat Types
  • Sagebrush Steppe
  • Wetlands (Emergent Marsh)
  • Riparian
  • On the DVIR, riparian ecosystems are particularly
    important areas in terms of the diversity of
    sensitive species supported. Even more
    important, sagebrush-steppe habitats in direct
    juxtaposition to dense concentrations of riparian
    habitats are uncommon anywhere, and this rare,
    vital habitat sustains several rare and sensitive
    species, making the effort to conserve these
    habitats essential.

7
Lotic Water
  • Over 200 natural springs
  • 350 miles of waterways, which are major
    tributaries to the Bruneau and Jarbidge Rivers
    and the South and East Forks of the Owyhee River
  • 200 miles of intermittent streams being degraded
    by livestock proposed grazing ordinance failed
    approval by Tribal Council and livestock owners
  • The East Fork Owyhee is the major drainage of the
    Reservation this river is also the major source
    of water for ranching and recharge of the
    wetlands

8
Duck Valley itself is located in the geographic
center of the Reservation and extends 9 miles
wide in a north-south direction over 20 miles.
The related slow-flowing East Fork of the Owyhee
River travels the valley from the southeast to
the northwest.
9
East Fork Canyon
10
Lentic Water
  • Three human-made lakes stocked with rainbow trout
  • Numerous small reservoirs/stock ponds
  • Approx. 5,440 acres of wetlands in the central
    valley, over 640 acres of wetlands in the eastern
    highlands
  • Important wetland complex designated Priority
    Conservation Site by The Nature Conservancy

11
Protected Areas
Research Natural Areas Wilderness Study
Areas Wild and Scenic Rivers Areas of Critical
Environmental Concern Nature Conservancy Priority
Conservation Sites
Duck Valley Indian Reservation
12
  • Habitat fragmentation, degradation and loss due
    to
  • Grazing
  • Irrigation
  • Road construction and maintenance
  • Historic mining
  • Destruction of biological crusts
  • Loss of herbaceous understory in sagebrush steppe
    habitat and encroaching exotics

13
Habitat Needs
  • Enhance, create, and/or restore habitats and
    protect from livestock, road, and mining impacts.
  • Establish techniques, surveys, and programs to
    assess the health, abundance, distribution and
    trend of fish, wildlife, habitat, and overall
    biodiversity.

14
Habitat needs continued
  • Acquire lands for improved habitat protection,
    restoration, and connectivity.
  • Develop GIS/data repository for fish and wildlife
    information.
  • Develop seed bank of native forbs, grass and
    shrub species for restoration/reseeding of
    sagebrush-steppe habitat.

15
Habitat Enhancement and Protection
  • Shoshone Paiute Tribes
  • Habitat, Parks, Fish and Game
  • Project 1997-011-00

16
Emerging Issues
  • Excessive Administrative Tasks in 02-03 budget
    modifications took 3 months to pass through COTR
    time spent resulted in lost opportunities for
    developing work plan for full staff field season
    also resulted in unanticipated burden on indirect
    staff.
  • BPA delays in contracting resulted in loss of
    FY02 funds
  • Difficult to develop comprehensive, intensive
    sampling plan for enhancements, as many are over
    5 hours drive from office.

17
Continued.
  • YSI meter was broken for several months.
  • Wet weather for the start of 03 field season
    (wettest April in 30 years!) has precluded
    driving to less accessible sites and has slowed
    projects further.
  • Departure of previous biologist resulted in lost
    and disorganized data.

18
Habitat Enhancement
  • GOALS
  • 1. Identify and protect spawning areas in streams
    and enhance and protect river and stream habitat
  • 2. Protect and/or enhance natural springs
  • 3. Collect water quality and range data
  • 4. Outreach and education

19
Springs, Streams, and Reservoirs/Riparian Areas
Protected 2001-2003
  • Abandoned Gun (fence)
  • Bell Creek Headwaters (fence and trough)
  • Billy Shaw Creek (partial fence)
  • Circle Creek Reservoir (fence and trough)
  • Headwaters of Miller Creek (fence)
  • Jones Creek (2 road crossings) Jones Flat
    Springs
  • Little Sheep Creek (2 road crossings)
  • Lambs Reservoir 8 stock ponds to the west of
    Lake Billy Shaw
  • No-Name Reservoir (fence 5 acres and trough)
  • N. Fork Skull Creek (fence spawning areas)
  • Parker Spring
  • Red Cabin
  • Reed Creek Reed Cr. Springs
  • Rye Grass
  • Skull Creek Spring (flex culvert)
  • Spring Creek (flex culvert and trough)
  • Sugar Loaf
  • Summit Creek (fence riparian area)
  • Three Stooges
  • Thacker Springs

20
Objective 1 Identify and protect spawning areas
in streams enhance and protect river and stream
habitat
  • Strategy Increase survival of native trout
    increase stability of stream banks increase
    water quality
  • Deliverables from 2001-August 2002 Actions
  • 37 streams/headwaters inventoried
  • 15 streams evaluated for spawning habitat and
    spawning habitat potential
  • (based on water quality, substrate composition,
    woody debris, organic debris, sediment
    entrainment, bank shape, channel shape, riparian
    condition, presence of fish barriers, plant
    types, algae presence, water odor and
    appearance).
  • 10 streams had Redband trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss
    gairdneri) 9 streams with documented spawning

21
Streams Supporting Redband Trout
22
  • 01-02 Deliverables contd
  • 3 small reservoirs enhanced
  • Stream enhancements installed
  • (for example, Miller Creek exclusion fence
    started in August 2001 and completed in October
    constructed using 256 steel posts, 16 rolls of
    barbed wire, 55 cedar posts, and large quantities
    of scrap wood for the 11 rock jacks built)
  • Beaver relocations from irrigation delivery
    systems on valley floor to higher elevation
    streams
  • Limited GPS coordinates recorded

23
Expectations for September 2002-August 2003
  • We have already coordinated with the
    Environmental Engineer of the Tribal
    Environmental Protection Program (TEPP) in the
    restoration of Skull Creek and the North Fork of
    Skull Creek (Redband trout habitat and spawning
    habitat).

Relocated stream meander in winter months
24
North Fork of Skull Creek (6/27/01)
0.06 fish/m2
Water Quality Temp 13.7o C Cond. 122.3 uS D.O.
6.62 mg/l
L 259 m Avg. W 2.06 m
25
  • Unimproved Roads
  • Unimproved backcountry dirt roads on the DVIR
    provide access to more than 2/3 of the
    Reservations acreage.
  • The eastern third of the Reservation rises to a
    high plateau 3,000 feet above the valley floor,
    and several of the roads, like the Skull Creek
    and North Fork of Skull Creek roads, follow
    creeks as they rise to the plateau, resulting in
    undeveloped stream crossings, and roads
    constructed in or adjacent to the streams
    floodplain, causing erosion and high sediment
    loads and hydrocarbon pollution in the streams.

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  • Skull Creek road is the primary southern access
    to the eastern plateau area and crosses Skull
    Creek five times and remains within fifty feet of
    the streams floodplain for most of its length.
  • The North Fork Skull Creek road crosses the creek
    one time.
  • Of the six crossings, four are unimproved
    (vehicles enter the creek during crossing and no
    crossing structure exists).
  • Three of the four unimproved crossings were
    project areas.

30
Skull Creek Priority Crossings
Aerial Photo Map
31
  • Problems
  • At each of the 3 crossings addressed, the creek
    flowed down the road for 90, 100, and 80 feet
    respectively. Vehicles crossing the creek would
    remain in the creek for this length.
  • Common erosion channels travel down the roads
    forming six to twelve-inch ruts, and leave the
    road forming a small gulley, contributing an
    unnatural sediment load in the creeks.
  • The creeks undercut the roads in other places,
    also causing unnatural sediment loads.

32
  • Strategy
  • Reduce nonpoint source pollution such as sediment
    loading from unimproved backcountry roads and
    vehicular pollution associated with water contact
    with automobiles during stream crossings.

33
  • Actions
  • Installation of twelve cross drain/drainage dips
  • Improvement of three stream crossings
  • one Geoweb based engineered stream crossing
  • one stream meander relocation
  • installation of two drivable bankfull dams
  • one stream crossing relocation
  • Work required three laborers, one road inspector,
    Environmental Engineer, one backhoe, one dump
    truck, one bulldozer and miscellaneous equipment.
  • Primary materials for the project were gravel,
    local alluvial fill, Geoweb and Geotextile for
    the engineered crossing, erosion control
    blankets, straw bales and miscellaneous items.

34
Geoweb
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36
Drainage Dip
37
Sediment Trapping
38
Geo-jute
39
North Fork of Skull Creek Crossing 1(after)
From an 80ft. to a 15 ft. crossing reclaimed old
road area grass and willow transplanting
40
03 Spring Stubble Height
41
Transplanted Willow
42
May 03 Growth on Transplanted Willow
43
Before
After
44
Before
After
45
Skull Creek Crossing 1 before improvement
46
200 feet upstream of Skull Creek Crossing 1
47
Schematic Depiction Crossing 1
48
Skull Creek Crossing 1 Completed Project
49
Skull Creek Crossing 1
50
Skull Creek Crossing 1
51
Skull Creek Crossing 1
52
  • Project assessment
  • Proper functioning of the project cannot be
    assessed until after spring high water flow.
  • Monitoring and maintenance of the project will
    occur over the next three years and the majority
    of conclusions and recommendations will be drawn
    from the monitoring results.

53
References and Consultation
  • Geomorphic characterization and stream state
    conditions Applied River Morphology text by Dave
    Rosgen and Rosgen course material EPA Rapid
    bioassessment protocol (1998).
  • Native planting restoration and bioengineering
    techniques The Riparian Zone Ecology Management
    and Restoration Workshop Handbook Soil
    Bioengineering Field Book Riparian Ecology and
    Restoration Notebook by Chris Hoag and Jon Fripp
    (and personal communication).
  • Engineering and design specs Rick Poore,
    Director of Stream-Wise USFS Roads Division,
    Elko district office.
  • Site inspection Don Jankowsky, former road
    inspector for the Boise National Forest.

54
Owyhee River Restoration
  • In cooperation with TEPP and Confluence
    Consulting, Inc., we will be developing
    conceptual bank stabilization designs for a 3.5
    mile reach of the Owyhee River.
  • The primary objectives of the project are to
    reduce sediment contributions caused by unstable
    geomorphic conditions, increase riparian
    vegetation to improve shade conditions, lower
    water temperatures, and improve fish habitat.

55
Bank Erosion on the East Fork of the Owyhee
56
Manure in Sediments of the E.F. Owyhee
57
Bank Erosion and Cutting along E.F. Owyhee
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59
Assessment Phase
  • Assessment will occur during the present
    performance period actual restoration activities
    will occur in the fall of 2003.
  • Confluence will provide oversight, guidance, and
    training for our staff at no cost to our
    department (staff has already attended a
    Bioengineering workshop with Chris Hoag and Jon
    Fripp in April 03).
  • The data collection effort will be broken into
    two components a geomorphic/channel survey and
    a riparian survey.

60
Geomorphic /Channel Survey
  • Assessment of geomorphic stability based
    primarily on field indicators of sediment
    transport conditions including
  • substrate consolidation and composition
  • bank failure mechanisms and erosion extent
  • bar development
  • depositional patterns
  • width/depth ratio, channel pattern, and bank
    slope

61
  • Where areas are identified as geomorphically
    unstable, the driving forces for sediment
    transport imbalance will be determined and each
    causal factor will be identified as either a
    site-specific or systemic impact.
  • Unstable areas will be described with respect to
    rates and trends toward natural recovery to an
    equilibrium state.
  • Rosgen Level I and II stream typing will be
    applied to the results of the survey to describe
    general channel form for each reach.

62
  • We will then characterize areas (or subreaches)
    that we identify as candidates for restoration in
    the field in terms of channel dimensions, channel
    cross-section and floodplain dimensions, radii of
    curvature, meander wavelengths, and perimeter
    materials.
  • We will map and GPS-locate infrastructure
    elements and channel modifications (i.e. profile
    discontinuities, bedrock controls, significant
    bankline erosion sites, major sediment sources,
    diversion structures, and revetments).

63
Riparian Survey
  • Riparian survey will assess conditions and the
    functional capability of the riparian areas.
  • A hybrid methodology will be developed combining
    numerous existing riparian resource methodologies
    such as
  • Classification and Management of Montana Riparian
    and Wetland Sites, Monitoring the Vegetation
    Resources in Riparian Areas, Environmental
    Monitoring and Assessment Program protocols,
    Proper Functioning Condition assessments, and
    R1/R4 Intermountain Fish and Fish Habitat
    Procedures.

64
  • Riparian condition data will be collected in
    selected areas of the reach and used as a
    baseline to compare with post restoration
    conditions. Riparian communities will be located
    with a GPS/GIS system.
  • Riparian community classification data will be
    analyzed to determine the extent of disturbance
    to community types to establish a baseline for
    monitoring riparian vegetation trends over time.

65
  • Woody species regeneration will be assessed in a
    relatively narrow band directly adjacent to the
    channel to predict the trend of riparian
    conditions. An index of overall riparian
    function will be determined using the following
    indicators
  • species composition, species diversity, presence
    of non-native or invasive species, structural
    diversity (presence of overstory, shrub, and
    groundcover species), extent of canopy cover, and
    percent of bare ground.

66
Human Activity
  • An index will also be developed to understand
    whether there are significant human factors that
    influence the site.
  • Based on the extent of activity and the proximity
    of this activity from the channel, the condition
    of riparian vegetation will be compared in areas
    with high and low degrees of human activity to
    determine whether these activities appear to be
    affecting riparian conditions and, if so, how.

67
Restoration Alternatives
  • Following the interpretation of this data, a
    range of restoration alternatives will be
    developed based on priority areas, associated
    benefits, and estimated costs.

68
Wetlands Delineation and Management Plan
  • In collaboration with TEPP and Shapiro and
    Associates, Inc.
  • Objectives
  • Train Tribal staff in wetland delineation process
    (primarily according to U.S. Army Corps of
    Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, 1987)
    focusing on the Blue Creek Wetlands
  • Train staff in reconnaissance level wetland
    assessments
  • Provide data for the creation of a wetlands
    database
  • With the Tribal Council, develop a wetlands
    management plan

69
  • Blue Creek Wetlands are part of The Nature
    Conservancy Priority Conservation Site.
  • Subbasin Assessment noted a need to
  • survey and assess condition of redband
    populations and habitat in the DVIR, Lower Blue
    Creek, North fork Owyhee, and South Fork Owyhee
    to develop data sets and assessment resources on
    par with information in other portions of the
    subbasin

70
Protected Areas
Research Natural Areas Wilderness Study
Areas Wild and Scenic Rivers Areas of Critical
Environmental Concern Nature Conservancy Priority
Conservation Sites
Duck Valley Indian Reservation
71
Blue Creek Wetlands
72
Blue Creek Wetlands
73
Blue Creek Wetlands
74
Actions
  • Locating, groundtruthing, and mapping wetlands
    according to soils, vegetation, and hydrologic
    assessments.
  • Determination of wetland community types.
  • Gathering data on wetland characteristics.
  • Assessment of wetland functions and values and
    identification of unique or cultural qualities.
  • Developing wetlands management plan with Tribal
    Council

75
More Expectations for Objective 1
  • Update GPS/GIS data.
  • Train staff (1 staff member already trained) in
    Proper Functioning Condition assessments and
    focus assessment on streams included in Redband
    trout genetics study.
  • Enhance and protect Blue Creek, Little Sheep
    Creek, and Marys Creek and their associated
    wetlands
  • Marys Creek suspected to support Bull trout

76
Objective 2 Protect and Repair Natural Springs
  • Strategy
  • Increase water flow from springs that provide
    pool habitat/cold water refuges for trout in late
    summer
  • Improve water quality
  • Provide cold, clean water to Owyhee River and
    tributaries

77
  • Deliverables from actions completed 2001-2002
  • Springs in 7 areas were protected with fencing,
    troughs were installed, and willows were planted
  • Existing enhancements were maintained with the
    help of the Western Shoshone-Paiute Livestock
    Association
  • Existing enhancements were improved with trough
    braces and rock jacks

78
Maintenance
Rock Jack added
Troughs braced
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Habitat Enhancement Spring Development Project
Locations
81
Expectations for 2002-2003
  • Collaborate with the Western Shoshone-Paiute
    Livestock Association and TEPP to determine
    priority springs and protection strategies.
  • After meetings, 3 springs were determined (Hot
    Creek Springs, Cavanaugh Springs, and Jones Flat
    Springs Area)
  • We also discussed strategic placement of drift
    fences while utilizing the thick willows as
    natural fencing, and we discussed more deliberate
    livestock grazing.

82
Fawn Creek Road
  • Spawning has been documented in Fawn Creek.
  • Several springs flow down or across Fawn Creek
    Road and enter the creek.
  • In cooperation with TEPP, we plan on enhancing
    the road with culverts/road crossings for these
    springs.

83
Maintenance and Monitoring
  • Maintain completed spring enhancement and
    protection projects.
  • Including inspection and seasonal reconnections
    of waterlines fencing and piping repairs
    inspection and reseeding of spring area photos.
  • Update GIS/GPS data.
  • Develop monitoring program for protected areas in
    order to evaluate trends (including photo points,
    vegetation diversity indices, GIS mapping, and
    water quality monitoring plan.)
  • Will also be included in Objective 3.

84
Objective 3 Collect water quality and range data
  • Strategy
  • Create database with water quality, fisheries,
    and range habitat information.
  • Deliverables from actions in 2001-2002
  • Initiated relationship with Tribal Natural
    Resources department to craft a Range Management
    plan
  • Fisheries and water quality (chemical and
    biological) information collected on streams in
    association with the Redband trout genetics
    project and the TEPP department.

85
  • 30 areas sampled for water quality
  • 10 areas evaluated for substrate, debris, and
    sediment entrainment
  • 10 areas evaluated for bank, channel, and
    riparian area health
  • 10 areas evaluated for fish barriers, aquatic
    plants, algae, water odor and appearance and
    wildlife presence
  • 12 sites sampled for salmonid size distribution
    and density

86
Salmonid Density and Size Distribution
87
Expectations for 2002-2003
  • Work with staff from the Pacific Northwest
    National Laboratory (PNNL) in a partnership where
    they are providing us with NASA satellite imagery
    and expertise to create maps for use by the
    Tribes. These maps may be used for tracking fish
    and waterfowl migration, water quality and flow,
    water pollution, etc.

88
Landsat Imagery(redpasture land)
89
  • Expectations contd
  • In cooperation with TEPP and WSPLA, develop a map
    of all range fences on the DVIR.
  • Fences are all GPS located mapping in progress
  • Currently coordinating with TEPP Water Quality
    Technician and the BOR to develop and carry out
    comprehensive water quality monitoring plan for
    streams on the DVIR.
  • Including water chemistry, biological indices,
    macrophyte and macroinvertebrate sampling and
    mapping.

90
Inorganic Contamination Sampling Event
  • Intensive sampling event completed late August in
    cooperation with TEPP to assess the inorganic
    toxicity of the East Fork of the Owyhee River (on
    the DVIR) due to tailings from the upstream Rio
    Tinto copper mine below the confluence with Mill
    Creek.
  • Water, sediment, and fish samples were taken in
    late August, 2002
  • 3-4 rainbow trout were taken at the 8 sample
    sites along with background (using electrofishing
    and netting techniques)

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Rio Tinto Mine
  • Rio Tinto was a prolific copper mine operating
    from 1932-1975
  • Estimated 12 million cubic yards of tailings
    located in the Mill Creek drainage, which is a
    tributary of the East Fork of the Owyhee River.
  • Mine is located approximately 2 miles south of
    the DVIR (upriver)
  • Impacts of the acid mine drainage on the
    Reservation have neither been fully characterized
    nor studied.
  • Numerous documentations of fish kills
  • Owyhee River is the main source of groundwater
    recharge on the Reservation.

93
Above Tailings
MILL CREEK
Below Tailings
94
Mill Creek
95
10 feet above confluence with the EF Owyhee
96
Confluence of Mill Creek and the East Fork of the
Owyhee River (high water)
97
Water Quality Testing on East Fork of the Owyhee
98
Sediment Core Sampling on the East Fork of the
Owyhee
99
Fish Sampling Crew
100
Objective 4 Outreach and Education
  • Strategy
  • Increase community involvement and support for
    projects through education.
  • Deliverables from Actions in 2001-2002
  • Hosted 15 youth through the Tribal Summer Youth
    Program for 6 weeks of employment.
  • Boy Scouts electrofished streams plus carved,
    painted, and erected signs indicating the names
    of the major tributaries to the East Fork of the
    Owyhee River.
  • Arbor Day ceremony 2002

101
  • Hosted several community meetings
  • Wrote monthly reports for Tribal Council and
    attended monthly Tribal Council meetings
  • 7 articles written for the Sho-Pai News
  • Maintained relationship with WSPLA
  • Fostered nascent relationship with TEPP

102
Expectations for 2002-2003
  • Implement a volunteer bird monitoring program
    with after-school youth and community to help
    protect vital areas.
  • Working with USFWS to develop monitoring sheets
    and protocols for use in wetlands, open water,
    and riparian areas.
  • DVIR supports several Species of Special Concern
    (including Northern harrier (Curcus cyaneus)
    Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus Federally
    Threatened) Greater sandhill crane (Grus
    canadensis tabida) Black-crowned nightheron
    (Nycticorax nycticorax) American white pelican
    (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) Double crested
    cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) Trumpeter swan
    (Cygnus buccinator) and Western grebe
    (Aechmophorus occidentalis)

103
  • Write articles for local paper.
  • Maintain relationship with Boy Scout troupe
    leader.
  • Develop relationship with Girl Scouts.

104
  • Invited to deliver 3 presentations at an annual
    regional agriculture and ranching conference
    where we informed the audience about using
    gravity-fed water troughs, exclusion fencing of
    springs and streams, and general range management
    issues, including non-lethal predator control and
    livestock protection.
  • The Tribes local high school FFA (Future Farmers
    of America) and 4-H programs attended the
    conference as well as local ranchers, regional
    ranchers, and regional farmers and veterinarians.

105
  • The Senior Biologist/Deputy Director was invited
    to deliver a presentation at the Idaho Chapter of
    the international Wildlife Society annual meeting
    to address the topic of Tribal Wildlife
    Management
  • detailed the objectives of the Habitat
    Enhancement projects in addition to other
    department projects.
  • The Director was also invited to sit on a panel
    to respond to policy-level questions regarding
    Tribal Wildlife Management.

106
Student Science Fair project
  • We helped 4 Shoshone-Paiute sixth-grade students
    develop a project for the Northeastern Nevada
    Science Fair.
  • With our assistance, the students crafted a
    project correlating water quality and Redband
    trout habitat
  • we helped them with the generation of the project
    idea, the scientific process involved, internet
    research, the collection of data, the analysis of
    data (including an Excel tutorial), and the
    project presentation (including a PowerPoint
    tutorial).

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  • We are excited to report that the students
    project, judged by science professionals, won
    first place in the Life Sciences Division for all
    of Northeastern Nevada!
  • The students project has also been nominated for
    the Discovery Channels Young Scientist Challenge
    2003 award (an award of 14,000!).
  • With the help of the Senior Biologist/Deputy
    Director, the students crafted a PowerPoint
    presentation delivered at a Shoshone Paiute
    Tribes full Tribal Council meeting, and for NRCS
    Idaho RCD.

109
  • With the assistance of several fisheries
    biologists, we are researching the construction
    and use of fish traps in order to track spawners
    in the creeks this spring. The four students
    from the Owyhee Combined Schools will be involved
    in the data collection to append their 2003
    science fair project, and staff from our
    department will construct the traps.

110
Arbor Day 2003
  • Organized free tree planting and maintenance
    workshops (one for the community by Bill Moore
    and Debbie Cook of Idaho RCD and one for the
    staff by Tony Deets of NV Division of Forestry)
  • Regional businesses and individuals bestowed
    enormous support on our ceremony, with donations
    of 8 fishing poles, 6 full fishing tackle boxes,
    2 tents, 4 camping chairs, and 12 knives (adults
    only) for prizes.
  • At the Arbor Day Ceremony, Ms. Danns 6th grade
    class performed Arbor Day Play and the Painted
    Horse Drummers and Sweet Sage drummed and
    sang. We also had a large attendance by Idaho
    and Nevada agencies.

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