Principles of Occupational Safety and Health

1
Principles of Occupational Safety and Health

• Part 2
• Hazard Identification
• Jeffrey S. Oakley, Ph.D., CSP

2
Goals for this Series

• Follow a Book Occupational Safety and Health
• Introduction to Collegiate Safety Courses
• 4 Parts
• Accidents and OSHA Standards
• Hazard Identification
• Hazard Analysis and Prevention
• Ethics and Safety Management
• Education and Training (Applied)
• Trial for Other Series (Industrial Hygiene,
  Environmental, Etc.)

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Chapter 6 Ergonomic Hazards

• Greek Ergon work, Nomos laws
• Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary science that
  seeks to conform the workplace and all of its
  physiological aspects to the workerseeking to
  improve productivity and quality by reducing
  workplace stressors, reducing the risk of
  injuries and illnesses and increasing efficiency.
  
• Fitting the JOB to the WORKER
• What about Ergo Aids, wrists rests, etc?

4
Introduction to HF/Ergonomics

• Traditional meanings/background
• US - Human Factors
• Europe - Ergonomics
• other terms -- human engineering, and engineering
  psychology
• Ergonomics - multidisciplinary activity that
  assembles info on peoples capacities and applies
  that info in designing jobs, products,
  workplaces, and equipment.
• Ergo should enhance the effectiveness and
  efficiency with work.
• 5 different approaches to HF
• Equipment design
• Task design
• Environmental design
• Training
• Selection

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Introduction to HF/Ergonomics

• Philosophy of HF/E
• Fit task to the person
• systemic application of relevant info about human
  capabilities, limitations, characteristics,
  behavior, and motivation.
• Gilbreths (1st ergo)
• WWII started ergo
• Space programs (50s and 60s)
• Product and environmental focus (70s to present)
• Productivity focus (70s to present)
• Safety and health focus (80s to present)

• Terms
• user friendly - ergonomic designed
• What is stopping HF/E
• Negative attitude
• Ownership conflicts
• primary techniques/tools
• methods analysis/task analysis
• tool analysis/design
• Secrets of HF/E design
• adjustability
• HF/E is not new.

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Ergonomics 3 Areas

• Anthropometry measurement of the human body
• Biomechanics Movement of the body
• Work Physiology Capacity of the body

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Anthropometry

• Measures taken
• Mechanically
• Photography - x-rays
• Mock-ups
• Computerized models
• Use of Anthropometry data
• Use the product (workplace)
• Relevant dimensions
• of population to be accommodated
• What tile used
• Modifications

• Why important?
• What is it?
• Males vs. Females
• Other Factors
• Age
• Gender
• Ethnic Origin
• Occupational
• Generational
• Transient Diurnal
• Static vs Dynamic Dimensions

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Biomechanics - WORK EFFICIENCY - MUSCLE STRENGTH

• Organized movements to optimize strength
• Most powerful at beginning of contraction
• Maximal force depends upon
• age
• gender
• constitution
• state of training
• momentary motivation

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AGE AND GENDER

• Muscle strength peaks for men and women between
  ages 2535.
• 5060 have 75-85 muscular strength
• On average, women have 2/3 strength of men.
• Older women even less.

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PHYSICAL STRESS FACTORS

• Sit vs. Standing postures
• Stationary vs. Mobile (Static Vs. Dynamic)
• Demands for strength/power
• Repetitive motions

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PHYSICAL STRESS FACTORS

• 6. Horizontal work (reach)
• 7. Vertical work (height reach)
• 8. Surface contact (contact stress/pressure)
• 9. Environmental factors

12
STATIC AND DYNAMIC MUSCULAR EFFORTS

• Static effort is characterized by prolonged state
  of contraction of the muscles, which usually
  maintains a postural stance. (muscle length does
  NOT change)
• Dynamic effort is characterized by an alteration
  of contraction and extension, tension and
  relaxation muscle length changes often
  rhythmically.

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How long can you hold your hands in the air?

• Try it?
• This is why we have to put our hands down when we
  change a light bulb, because our muscles are
  hurting. Feel the burn yea lactic acid!

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STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIFFERENCES

• Static - blood vessels are compressed by internal
  pressure of muscle tissue inhibiting blood
  circulation through the muscle, resulting in
  fatigue and pain because the muscle is getting
  oxygen starved.
• Dynamic - muscle compresses and relaxes allowing
  blood to flow into the muscle, increasing
  stamina.

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ERGONOMICS and OSHA

• January 2001 OSHA promulgated an Ergonomics
  Standard which was approved by President Clinton
• March 2001 Congress and President Bush overturned
  the OSHA Ergonomics Standard under the
  Congressional Review Act.
• Currently no federal Ergonomic Standard.
• Some states have Ergonomic Programs.
• Specific industries have Ergonomic Guidelines.

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NEED FOR ERGONOMICS
17
NEED FOR ERGONOMICS

• Statistics support the need for Ergonomic
  Guidelines and Procedures
• OSHA can cite ergonomic hazards under the General
  Duty Clause.
• MSDs and CTDs account for more than 30 of
  occupational injuries and illnesses in the U.S.
• Cost is 20 Billion annually

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ELEMENTS OF ERGONOMIC PROGRAMS

• Management support and employee involvement at
  ALL levels!
• Ergonomic hazard recognition
• Observations, incidence rates, employee feedback
  and interviews
• Ergonomic data collection
• Ergonomic surveys and job risk factor analyses

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ELEMENTS OF ERGONOMIC PROGRAMS

• Develop and implement controls
• Engineering, administrative and PPE
• Training
• Building in-house expertise
• Health care management
• Work restrictions and MSD management
• Evaluation of program effectiveness

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RECOGNITION

• Injury/illness and accident trends
• Incidence of CTDs
• Absenteeism and turnover rates
• Employee complaints
• Employee initiated changes to workstation
• Poor quality of manual material handling

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EVALUATION

• General observation
• Questionnaires and interviews
• Videotaping or photography
• Measurements of employee workstation
  dimensions, lighting, noise, vibration
• Count repetitions per hour
• Measure force in torque or weight

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TYPES OF INJURY

• Muscle and Tendon Disorders (Force, Repetition,
  Time - RM)
• Tendinitis (inflammation of the tendon -
  shoulder, rotator cuff, forearm, tennis elbow,
  knee (MJ)
• Muscle damage
• Tenosynovitis
• Trigger finger
• DeQuervians disease (wrist and thumb)
• Tunnel Syndromes (contact stress, repetition,
  bad posture)
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Radial tunnel syndrome
• Many others
• Nerve and Circulation Disorders
• Thoracid outlet syndrome
• Raynauds disease - Vibration
• Cervical Radiculopathy

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CONTROL MEASURES

• Redesign work station/job to
• Minimize awkward posture
• Neutral wrist/hand positions
• Reduce lifting, bending, twisting, reaching
• Reduce forces required
• Improve handle grips on tools
• Reduce static muscle loading
• Avoid overhead reaching

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CONTROL MEASURES

• Educate and train workers
• Warm up exercises and stretching
• More frequent breaks
• Rotate employees or redistribute workload
• Provide mechanical assists
• Limit overtime

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CHAPTER 6 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• Why did the OSHA ERGO standard fail? Will there
  be another one?
• Why is ergonomics falling off most companies
  radar screen?
• What could help the ergonomics movement?
• REVIEW
• What is the simple definition of ergonomics?
• What is the different between static vs. dynamic
  movement?
• Name an ergonomic injury?
• What would a safety professional do if there have
  been multiple back injuries in the facility?

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Whats Wrong?
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Subject Olny srmat poelpe can raed this

• I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty
  uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal
  pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to rscheearch
  at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in
  waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny
  iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer
  be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl
  mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a
  porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not
  raed ervey lteter byistlef, but the wrod as a
  wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot
  slpeling was ipmorantt!

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The Forces Involved

• The amount of force you place on your back in
  lifting may surprise you!
• Think of your back as a lever.
• With the fulcrum
• in the center, it only
• takes ten pounds of
• pressure to lift a ten
• pound object.

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The Forces Involved

• If you shift the fulcrum to one side, it takes
  much more force to lift the same object. Your
  waist acts like the fulcrum in a lever system, on
  a 101 ratio.
• Lifting a
• ten pound
• object puts
• 100 pounds
• of pressure
• on your
• lower back.

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The Forces Involved

• When you add in the
• 105 pounds of the
• average human upper
• torso, you see that
• lifting a ten pound
• object actually puts
• 1,150 pounds of
• pressure on the
• lower back.

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The Forces Involved

• If you were 25 pounds
• overweight, it would add
• an additional 250 pounds
• of pressure on your back
• every time you bend over.

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CHAPTER 7 - STRESS AND SAFETY

• Why is stress a health and safety concern?
• Influences performance, productivity safety
• Economic impact costs 150 billion per year
• 15 of occupational disease claims
• Increased accident and injuries resulting from
  stress increases insurance claims
• Relationship between stress, job attitudes and WC
  claims

34
STRESS DEFINED

• Stress is a combination of adverse emotional and
  physical reactions people have to stressors
  (pressure, demands and changes) in their
  environment.
• Relationship between job demands and workers
  ability to meet those demands further influence
  workplace stress.
• Individual tolerance is highly variable
• INTERNAL FACTORS personality, age, development,
  education and cultural training
• EXTERNAL FACTORS support systems, political,
  social and economic environment

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SOURCES OF STRESS

• Physical working conditions
• Interpersonal relationships
• Role ambiguity or conflict
• Lack of feedback
• Task complexity
• Responsibility without authority
• Job security and changes

• Work load demands
• Quantitative overload
• Under load or monotony
• Poor communications
• No opportunity for advancement
• CHANGE, CHANGE, CHANGE.

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REACTION TO STRESS

• Emotional
• Anxiety, anger, aggression, guilt, depression
• Behavioral
• Prone to accidents, substance abuse
• Inability to concentrate or make decisions
• Physiological
• Increased heart rate, blood pressure, digestive
  problems
• Organizational
• Reduced productivity and absenteeism

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TYPES OF STRESS

• POSITIVE STRESS
• Positive stress is associated with happy events
  which produce similar physiological response ie.
  Marriage, graduation
• POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS
• Results from any event which is powerful enough
  to overwhelm someones normal
• coping mechanisms

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TYPES OF STRESS

• BURNOUT (Acute Chronic)
• When work stress is extreme and continuous,
  resulting in a sharp decline in motivation and
  performance.
• Three components to burnout
• Depersonalization
• Emotional exhaustion
• reduced sense of personal accomplishment

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STRESS MANAGEMENT

• Controlling stress is an INDIVIDUAL
  responsibility
• Controlling job-stress is a MANAGEMENT
  responsibility.
• Successful Stress Management Program requires an
  understanding of the work force (employees) and
  the work environment.

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STRESS MANAGEMENT

• Train all levels of employees to recognize and
  deal with stress
• Encourage use of Employee Assistance Programs
• Establish job autonomy
• Design job to reduce physical stress
• Match work load and job pace to avoid overload or
  underload

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STRESS MANAGEMENT

• Provide employees with necessary resources and
  tools to perform the work.
• Involve employees in decision making processes
  which effect them.
• Communicate changes in a timely manner
• Clearly define work roles.
• Encourage teamwork and support.
• Provide formal communications program.

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STRESS IN SAFETY MANAGERS

• Role overload
• Coping with regulatory issues
• Communication breakdown
• Competing loyalties ethics
• Liability issues
• Prioritization and decision making
• Post-traumatic stress from incidents

43
CHAPTER 7 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• How can safety professionals reduce stress?
• Is stress really a legitimate workplace hazard?
• Some people can handle stress, and some cannot.
  There is nothing managers can do. Right or
  Wrong?
• REVIEW
• What are some sources of stress?
• What are some sources of stress for safety
  professionals?
• What is burnout?

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STRESS RELIEF

• Dont Forget about the TEST at the end of
  class!!!!!!

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Real Stress Relief
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Chapter 8 - MECHANICAL HAZARDS

• Mechanical hazards are associated with automated
  and manually operated power-driven machines.
• Industrial Revolution new energy sources
  introduced new hazards
• New technology i.e. Robots and computer
  controlled machines present new safety concerns.

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Common Mechanical Injuries

• Cutting and tearing
• Shearing
• Crushing
• Breaking
• Overexertion (strains and sprains)
• Puncturing

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Safeguarding

• 29 CFR 1910 Subpart O contains OSHA standards for
  machine guarding.
• Safeguarding is any means of preventing personnel
  from coming into contact with the moving parts of
  machinery or equipment that would potentially
  cause physical harm.
• Point of Operation
• Power Transmission

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Requirements for Safeguards

• Prevent contact
• Be secure and durable
• Protect against falling objects
• Create no new hazards
• Create no interference
• Allow safe maintenance

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Point-of-Operation Guards

• Guards are MOST effective when used at the
  point-of-operation.
• Point-of-Operation is the area on a machine where
  the material is positioned for processing or
  where the work is being performed on the
  material.
• Guarding device shall be designed to prevent
  operator from having any part of body in danger
  zone during operating cycle

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3 Types of Guards

• Fixed guards -provide permanent barrier between
  worker and point-of-operation.
• Interlocked guards- shutdown the machine if guard
  is not securely in place.
• Adjustable guards provide a barrier against
  several types of hazards (often multi-purpose)
  

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Types of Devices

• A device is a mechanism or control designed for
  safeguarding at the point-of-operation.
• Photoelectric devices
• Radio-frequency devices
• Electromechanical devices
• Pullback devices
• Restraint devices
• Safety trip devices
• Two-hand controls
• Gates

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Mechanical Power Transmission

• Flywheels Over 7 Must Be Guarded
• Guards Required for
• Cranks and Connecting Rods
• Shafting
• Pulleys, Belts, Gears, Sprockets, Chains
• Keys, Setscrews, Collars, Couplings, Etc.
• When periphery of blades of fan is less than 7
  feet above the floor or working level, blades
  shall be guarded
• Guard shall have openings no larger than 1/2 inch

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Machine Guarding
55
Machine Guarding
1/4 inch Guard 1/8 inch Tool Rest Power cut-off
switch Secured from Movement
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Machine Guarding

• Transmission sources should be guarded to keep
  hands and arms out of them

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Machine Guarding

• Fixed Guards
• A permanent part of the machine
• Not dependent on any other part to perform the
  function
• Usually made of sheet metal, screen, bars or
  other material which will withstand the
  anticipated impact
• The preferred type of guard
• Simple and durable

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Machine Guarding
59
Machine Guarding

• This shows a pulley system which has correct
  guards to keep fingers and tools away from pinch
  points

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Machine Guarding

• Interlocked Guard
• Usually connected to a mechanism that will cut
  off the power automatically
• Could use electrical, mechanical or hydraulic
  systems
• Should rely on a manual reset system

61
Machine Guarding

• Gate system to keep hands out of the point of
  operation area
• Interlocked guard

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Machine Guarding

• Adjustable Guard
• Very flexible to accommodate various types of
  stock
• Manually adjusted by the operator

63
Machine Guarding

• This wood working device has an adjustable guard
  that moves as the wood is fed into it

64
Machine Guarding

• A shield of safety glass prevents sparks and
  particles from striking the worker
• Rotating shafts are required to have guards on
  them

65
Machine Guarding
Guard on a drill press Covers rotating shaft
66
Machine Guarding

• This safety bar will stop the machine if the
  worker gets too close to the operation area

67
Machine Guarding

• This operate has wrist cuffs attached to her arms
  to keep her from putting them in harms way
• Versions will automatically pull the operators
  hands back when the press cycles

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Machine Guarding

• In order to operate this press both buttons at
  the top of the machine must be pressed at the
  same time
• This insures that his hands are not in the point
  of operation area when the press activates

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Machine Guarding

• The operator must press both of the control
  buttons at the same time to operate this press
• Buttons are recessed to keep them from being hit
  by accident
• Recessed buttons also keep workers from putting a
  2x4 across them to defeat the safeguard!

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Machine Guarding
71
Lockout/Tagout Systems

• OSHA Standards 29 CFR 1910.147 and 1910.331
  (Electrical)
• One of the most effective safeguarding approaches
  today.
• Compliance with Lockout Tagout Standard will
  prevent 120 accidental deaths and 29,000 serious
  injuries each year.

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Lockout/Tagout Systems

• The term zero mechanical energy or zero energy
  state refers to machines with all energy sources
  neutralized.
• Energy isolation indicates a machine at total
  rest.
• Energy isolating devices include locks and tags
  which meet specific requirements.

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8 Step LOTO Procedure

• Know the equipment and procedures
• Notify others affected
• Shutdown equipment at switch or valve
• Disconnect and lockout all energy sources
• Dissipate stored or secondary energy
• Verify the lockout
• Keep lockout in force
• Finish safely

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Lockout/Tagout Devices
75
Locking/Tagging of Circuits1926.417

• Written Procedures
• Application of Lock and Tag
• Verification of Deenergized Condition
• Reenergizing Equipment
• Lock and Tag Removed by Employee Who Applied It

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General Precautions for Safeguarding

• Training in operation and maintenance
• Training in emergency shutdown and response
  procedures
• Inspection, maintenance repair of all
  safeguards and devices
• Supervise to ensure proper placement and use of
  safeguards
• No loose clothing, long hair or jewelry

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CHAPTER 8 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• How many times have you seen someone operating a
  piece of equipment that is not guarded? Why are
  there still problems with machine guarding?
• Why are there so many electrical injuries from
  failing to lock out, when it is such a simple
  standard?
• REVIEW
• What is the difference in point of operation and
  power transmission?
• What is two hand controls?
• What is the purpose of lockout/tagout?
• List some types of mechanical injury hazards?

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Machine Guarding
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Machine Guarding
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Machine Guarding
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Chapter 9 - Falling, Impact, Acceleration and
Vision Hazards

• Causes and types of falls
• Fall prevention programs
• OSHA Fall Protection Standard
• Ladder safety
• Impact and acceleration hazards
• Lifting and standing hazards
• Personal Protective Equipment

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CAUSES OF FALLS

• gt 16 disabling injuries result from falls!
• Primary causes of falls include
• Object on walking surface
• Design flaw in walking surface
• Slippery surfaces
• Individuals physical condition
• Footwear

84
TYPES OF FALLS

• Trip and fall - object
• Stump and fall sticktion
• Step and fall - hole
• Slip and fall water/oil

85
WALKING AND SLIPPING

• Water, oil, soap, coolant, cleaning solvents etc.
  on floor decreases traction significantly.
• Choose right material from the outset
• Retrofit existing slippery surfaces
• Provide good housekeeping
• Require non-skid footwear
• Inspect and maintain surfaces frequently

86
OSHA Fall Protection

• Requires fall protection system for employees
  working at heights gt 6 ft.
• Regulations apply to scaffolding work
• Provides requirements and specifications for
  personal fall arrest harness, lanyards, anchorage
  points.
• Work Plan Fall Protection Plan (HOW) (hand
  rails, harness/lanyard/anchorage, net, etc.)
• Training
• Fall Protection (Harness/lanyard/anchorage)
• Inspection of Fall Protection (Harness/lanyard/anc
  horage)

87
Personal Fall Arrest Systems

• A system including but not limited to an
  anchorage, connectors and a body harness used to
  arrest an employee in a fall from a working
  level.
• 1926.451 (d) (16) states
• Anchorage point 5000 lbs.

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Put your other arm through the second shoulder
strap and secure the chest strap.
Hold the harness by the D ring and untangle it if
necessary
Put one arm through the shoulder strap.
89
Run the second leg strap between your legs and
attach at the front of the harness on the other
side.
Run the first leg strap between your legs and
attach at the front of the harness.
Pull all adjustable straps snug and verify that
they are secure.
Attach your shock absorbing lanyard and your
ready to go.
90
Fall Protection

• Subpart M
• 29 CFR 1926.500-503

91
Duty To Have Fall Protection1926.501

• Protection at or Above Six (6) Foot Level
• Walking/working Surfaces Inspected Before Work
  Begins
• Employees Can Only Work on Surfaces Strong
  Enough to Support Them

92
Protection Required For1926.501

• Unprotected Sides Edges
• Leading Edges
• Hoist Areas
• Holes
• Formwork Reinforcing Steel
• Ramps, Runways, Other Walkways
• Excavations, Wells, Pits Shafts
• Dangerous Equipment

• Overhand Bricklaying Related Work
• Roofing work on Low-Slope Roofs
• Steep Roofs
• Precast Concrete Erection
• Residential Construction
• Wall Openings
• Walking Working Surfaces
• Not Otherwise Addressed

93
Fall Protection Systems1926.502

• Guardrails
• Safety Nets
• Personal Fall Arrest Systems
• Positioning Devices
• Other Systems
• Hole Covers

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Guardrails
TOP RAIL
42/- 3
MID RAIL
21
TOEBOARD
3 1/2
8
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Personal Fall Arrest Systems1926.502(d)

• ? D-RINGS AND SNAPHOOKS
• 5000 Tensile Strength
• Proof Tested to 3600
• Only locking type as of 1/1/98

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LADDER SAFETY

• INSPECT FOR
• Manufacturers labels
• Strength and weight capacity
• Cracks, loose rungs, rails or braces or damaged
  connections between rungs and rails
• Damage from heat, moisture, corrosion, burrs, and
  sharp edges or other types of deterioration.

102
GENERAL LADDER SAFETY

• Secure at top and bottom
• Set ladder base on firm, level surface
• Distance of ladder base from wall ¼ the
  working length of ladder
• Always face ladder when climbing
• Barricade ladder if near an entrance
• NEVER stand on the top rung or the second!

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• Non-self-supporting ladders shall be used at
  angle such that horizontal distance from top
  support to foot of ladder is approx. 1/4 of
  working length of ladder

107

• Top or top step of stepladder must not be used as
  a step
• Cross-bracing on rear section of stepladder must
  not be used for climbing

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HEAD PROTECTION

• Approximately 120,000 workers sustain head
  injuries on the job each year.
• Head injuries occur in spite many are wearing
  hard hats.
• OSHA standard 29 CF 1910.135 incorporates ANSI
  Z89-1986

113
HEAD PROTECTION

• Requires testing of hard hats for
• Impact attenuation
• Penetration resistance
• Electrical insulation
• Hard hats are tested to withstand a 40 ft.lb.
  impact (2 lb. hammer dropped _at_ 20 ft.)
• Sharp object that may hit the top and some
  lateral protection.

114
LATERAL PROTECTION

• Conventional hard hats are designed to deflect a
  downward vertical blow.
• 70 of head injuries occur from blows to
  unprotected areas of the head or LATERAL
• ANSI has added a new type of headgear
• Conventional hard hats - TYPE I
• Lateral protection hard hats - TYPE II

115
EYE PROTECTION

• 29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection
• Protective eye and face devices purchased after
  July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSI
• Z87.1-1989 which is incorporated into the OSHA
  standard .

116
EYE PROTECTION

• Eye and face protection must pass TWO impact
  tests
• High mass, low speed test heavy pointed objects
  traveling at low speed
• Low mass, high speed test smaller pointed
  objects traveling at high speed
• Workplace assessment is required to determine
  appropriate eye face protection

117
TYPES OF EYE PROTECTION

• FACE SHIELDS
• Flying particles, chips, sand face
• Hot sparks and heat
• Molten metal
• Chemical splash
• UV or IR from welding requires welding helmet
  with shaded lens

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SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

• Must meet standards of ANSI Z87.1-1989
• Protect against specific hazards identified
• Comfortable to wear
• Do not restrict vision
• Durable, easy to clean and disinfect
• Do not interfere with other PPE

119
FOOT PROTECTION

• OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 AND .126
• Foot injuries account for nearly 20 of disabling
  injuries in U.S.
• Over 180,000 foot/toe injuries each year

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TYPES OF FOOT INJURIES

• Falling objects (sharp or heavy)
• Compression
• Punctures to sole
• Conductivity
• Slips
• Hot liquid splashes
• Temperature extremes
• Chemical exposures

122
FOOTWEAR SELECTION

• Hazard assessment to identify types of hazards.
• Types of footwear available for protection
• Establish footwear requirements
• Steel toe
• Rubber or vinyl
• Slip resistance
• Heals
• Electricity resistant
• Provide training in proper selection, use
  limitations.

123
STANDING HAZARDS

• Anti-fatigue mats
• Proper type shoes
• Shoe inserts
• Foot rests or rails
• Workstation design to relieve prolonged standing
• Sit/stand chairs

124
CHAPTER 9 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• Why do falls cause so many major injuries and
  deaths?
• How can we prevent falls in residential
  construction?
• Why are there so many PPE still not worn?
• Are the 1 piece stylish glasses as safe as
  regular glasses with side shields?
• REVIEW
• How do you prevent slips and falls?
• Which steps on a ladder cant be used?
• What is the four basic tenets for fall
  protection?
• TERMS
• Anchorage, Lanyard

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Ch. 10 Temperature Extremes - COLD STRESS

• Bodys physiological response to cold environment
  including the constriction of blood circulation
  and shivering to increase metabolism.
• Systemic effects hypothermia
• Local effects frostbite tissue damage
• Behavioral responses to cold stress?

131
HYPOTHERMIA

• SYMPTOMS Chills, pain in extremities, fatigue
  or drowsiness.
• SIGNS Euphoria, weak pulse, slurred speech,
  shivering, collapse, temp lt 95 F
• CAUSES Excess exposure, dehydration, exhaustion,
  genetics, drug/alcohol abuse
• FIRST AID Warm area, heat packs, warm fluids,
  medical attention.

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FROSTBITE

• SYMPTOMS Burning sensation at first, coldness
  numbness, tingling
• SIGNS Skin color white or grayish-yellow to
  reddish-violet to black, blisters
• CAUSES Exposure to cold and vascular disease
• FIRST AID Same as hypothermia and treat as a
  burn. Do not rub.

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RECOGNITION OF COLD STRESS

• Seeking warm shelter or adding clothing
• Increasing work rate
• Loss of manual dexterity
• Shivering
• Accidents and unsafe behavior
• Patterns of cold related disorders in first-aid
  logs.

134
ENGINEERING CONTROLS

• Provide warm shelters, spot heating and hand
  warming area.
• Minimize air movement with shields or adjusting
  ventilation
• Insulate cold metal surfaces.

135
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

• Work rest cycles
• Schedule work at warmest times
• Move work into a warmer area
• Assign additional workers
• Encourage self-pacing and extra breaks
• Buddy system with mutual observation

136
PERSONAL PROTECTION

• Properly selected insulated clothing (layering)
• Wind barriers
• Special attention to feet, fingers, ears, nose
  and face.

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Chapter 10 Temperature Extremes HEAT STRESS

• Thermal comfort is function of a number of
  different factors
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air movement
• Personal preference
• Acclimatization

138
Thermal Balance

• Three factors influence degree of thermal stress
• 1. Climatic conditions
• 2. Work demands
• 3. Clothing - heat gain

139
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL BALANCE

• Metabolic rate can add 10 to 100 times more heat
  to the body than radiation and convection
  combined.
• Environment - humidity, temperature, air movement
  and windchill
• Clothing - permeability, insulation and
  ventilation properties.

140
HEAT STRESS

• Heat stress is the net heat load to which a
  worker may be exposed from the combined
  contributions of metabolic cost of work,
  environmental factors, and clothing requirements.
• Heat strain is the overall physiological response
  resulting from heat stress ie. increase of body
  temperature, heart rate and sweating.
• Acclimatization is a gradual physiological
  adaptation that improves an individuals ability
  to tolerate heat stress.

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HEAT EXHAUSTION

• Fatigue
• Nausea or vomiting
• Headache
• Light-headedness
• Clammy moist skin
• Pale or flushed complexion
• Fainting
• Rapid pulse

142
HEAT STRAIN HEAT STROKE

• Sustained rapid heart rate
• Core body temp. gt 100 F (102.2 F MAX)
• Sudden and severe fatigue, nausea,
  light-headedness
• Absence of perspiration

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SUMMARY OF RECOGNITION

• How hot is the environment?
• Is work load heavy, moderate or light?
• Are workers acclimatized to the heat and work
  load?
• Is personal protective clothing required?
• Does PPE interfere with evaporation of sweat from
  the skin?
• Are workers making mistakes, getting hurt, sick,
  absences etc?
• Are there symptoms of fatigue, weakness,
  headaches, rashes or high temperatures?
• Is body temperature, heart rate or sweat loss
  high?

144
ENGINEERING CONTROLS

• Reduce physical demands of the work
• Reduce air temperature
• Reduce humidity
• Reduce radiant heat
• Increase air movement
• Change clothing

145
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

• Acclimation to the heat
• Pacing of the work
• Sharing work
• Scheduling work
• Self-determination and personal monitoring

146
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

• Circulating cool air systems
• Circulating water systems
• Ice pack garments
• Reflective clothing
• Hot surface protection
• Monitor temperature of air supply to respirators.

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CHAPTER 10 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• What is worse cold weather or hot weather?
• REVIEW
• Why do you not rub frostbite?
• What is shivering?
• What is the best way to reduce thermal balance
  for heat injuries?
• What is the main indicator of heat stroke?

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CH 12 - ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• ELECTRICITY is the flow of negatively charged
  particles called electrons through a conductive
  material.
• ELECTRONS negative
• PROTONS positive
• NEUTRONS neutral ( neither)
• CONDUCTORS are a substances that have many free
  electrons at room temperature and can pass
  electricity
• INSULATORS do NOT have a large number of free
  electrons at room temperature and do NOT conduct
  electricity.
• STATIC ELECTRICITY is produced when a surplus or
  deficiency of electrons on the surface of
  material exists and no positive material to
  attract electrons.

149
TERMS DEFINITIONS

• VOLTAGE the potential difference between two
  points in a circuit (pressure) measured in VOLTS
• CURRENT is the total volume of electricity
  flowing past a certain point in a given length of
  time measured in amperes or AMPS.
• RESISTANCE is the force the voltage is trying to
  overcome - the strength of the electron
  attraction to the center of the atom- measured
  in OHMS
• WATT Power is measured in wattage or watts and
  can be determined from OHMs LAW

150
OHMS LAW

• Represents the flow of electric current through
  the body and is
• Stated as V IR
• Where
• V potential difference in volts
• I current flow AMPS
• R resistance to current OHMS

151
OHMS LAW

• Power can be determined from Ohms Law as
  follows
• W VI
• Where W power in watts

152
Electrical Terms

• Ground an object that connects a piece of
  electrical equipment to earth (or some conducting
  body that serves as earth) to prevent hazard of
  electrical shock.
• Bonding joining of metallic parts to form an
  electrical path. This assures electrical
  continuity.

153
MAJOR CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

• Contacting bare wire with current
• Equipment lacking UL label for safety inspection
• Equipment that has not been grounded
• Wet or damp areas
• Static electricity discharge
• Metal Ladders working on electrical equipment

154
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

• Electrostatic sources
• Arcs and sparks
• Combustible and explosive materials
• Lightening
• Improper wiring
• Insulation Failure
• Equipment failure
• Improper NEC hazard location

155
Electrostatic Hazards

• Friction from rubbing a nonconductive material
  over stationary surface.
• Moving large sheets of plastic
• Organic or metallic dusts ie. Grain elevators
  mine shafts
• Conveyor belts
• Vehicle tires on road surface
• Flowing liquids and solid surface

156
Electrical Hazards to Humans

• Current flow and time are the factors that cause
  injuries in electrical shock.
• Number of electrons that pass through body.
• Human resistance to electrical current.
• 70 200 mA can be fatal.
• Each year there are approx. 1,100 electric shock
  deaths.

157
Electrical Injuries

• Internal injuries
• Skin and eye injuries
• Injuries from falls
• Burns to skin
• What is the different between injuries from high
  current vs. low current ?

158
OSHAs Electrical Standards

• Adopted from the National Electric Code NFPA 70
• General Industry
• 29 CFR 1910 SUBPART S or
• 29 CFR 1910.302 .399
• Construction Industry
• 29 CFR 1926.402-408

159
General Requirements

• Splices - splicing devices designed for use
• Marking - equipment must have plate
• Disconnecting means circuits - must be marked
  unless purpose is evident

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Flexible Cords Cables

• Prohibited Uses
• Substitute for Fixed Wiring
• Run Through Holes in Walls, Ceilings, or Floors
• Run Through Doorways, Windows, Etc.
• Concealed Behind Building Walls, Ceilings, or
  Floors
• Marking - Type Designation, Size and Number of
  Conductors
• Splices - Used in Continuous Lengths - No. 12 or
  Larger May Be Spliced
• Strain Relief - Prevent Pull on Joints
• Cords Protected When Passing Through Holes

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Typical 120V Branch Circuit

• Typical wiring configuration will allow switch
  to open circuit prior to screw-shell of lamp base

166
Incorrect Wiring

• Reversed wiring will cause screw-shell of
  lampholder to be energized
• Grasping screw-shell will produce shock

167
Grounds

• Normal current carrying loop
• Ground not used

168
Effective Grounding

• Prevents voltage flow to surroundings
• Provides path for fault or overload current

Black
Fault
White
Green
Bare Wire or Conduit
169
Missing Prong?

• Body may provide path back to source
• Ground fault current low - no breaker tripped

Black
Fault
White
Green
Bare Wire or Conduit
Missing prong
170
GFCI

• GFCI senses imbalance in current and opens
  circuit

GFCI
Black
Fault
5 mA
White
0 mA
Green
?
Bare Wire or Conduit
171
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW and DISCUSSION

• Can a regular outlet kill you?
• Can you ever put your arm in a bathtub and pull
  out a energized hair dryer?
• REVIEW
• What is the amount of electricity that is
  hazardous to the body?
• What are some prohibited uses for flexible cords
  and cables?
• Can you use a plug with the ground plug removed
  in the workplace?
• TERMS
• GFCI, grounding, bonding, Amps

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Questions - Summary - TEST