College English (Integrated Course 4)

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College English (Integrated Course 4)

• Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

Text A The Icy Defender
Napoleon Bonaparte
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I. Pre-Reading Proverbs and Quotations

• Understand the following proverbs and quotations
• 1. Nature, to be commanded, must be obeyed.
• 
  ----Francis Bacon
• 2. An army marches on its stomach.
• 3. He that forecasts all perils will never sail
  the sea.
• 4. All delays are dangerous in war.
• 
  ----John Drydon
• 5. In war, whichever side may call itself the
  victor, there are no winners, but all are losers.
• 
  ----Nerille Chamberlain

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I. Pre-Reading Proverbs and Quotations

• 6. The man who has made up his mind to win will
  never say impossible.
• ---Napoleon
  Bonaparte
• 7. I succeeded because I willed it I never
  hesitated.
• ---Napoleon
  Bonaparte
• 8. To really understand a man we must judge him
  in misfortune.
• ---Napoleon
  Bonaparte
• 9. He who fears being conquered is sure of
  defeat.
• ---Napoleon
  Bonaparte

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II. Cultural Notes

• 1. Background Information
• Throughout the history of mankind, there
  have been many conquerors. Chengis Khan
  (http//163.sh.cn/jy/yyz/aq6/200411/31369.html)
  spent his entire life conquering neighboring
  peoples and expanding the Mongolian Empire. Many
  Roman Emperors did the same for the Roman
  empireso much so that at one time they ruled
  modern-day Great Britain.
• Both the Mongolian and Roman Empires had
  their rise and fall in the distant past.

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II. Cultural Notes

• Yet if we want to examine conquerors, there is
  no need to go back that far.
• In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded
  Russia in a war of conquest which ended in
  failure. More than a century later, Adolf Hitler
  launched a massive military campaign against the
  Soviet Union, which again ended in failure.

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2. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
(http//youth.furong.gov.cn/XXLR1.ASP?ID5280)
II. Cultural Notes
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II. Cultural Notes

• Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

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3. The Battle of Waterloo (http//www.trabel.com/w
aterloo/waterloo-thebattle.htm)
II. Cultural Notes

• Final and decisive action of the
  Napoleonic Wars, that effectively ended French
  domination of the European continent and brought
  about drastic changes in the political boundaries
  and the power balance of Europe.
  Fought on June 18, 1815,
  near Waterloo, in what is now Belgium, the battle
  ranks as a great turning point in modern history.

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4. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
(http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.ht
m)
II. Cultural Notes

• German political and military leader and one of
  the 20th centurys most powerful dictators. He
  converted Germany into a fully militarized
  society and launched World War 2 in 1939.He hoped
  to conquer the world, and for a time dominated
  most of Europe and much of North Africa. He
  instituted sterilization and euthanasia measures
  to enforce his idea of racial purity among the
  German people and slaughtered millions of Jews
  and other nations.

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5. Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) (http//www.spartacu
s.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSstalin.htm)
II. Cultural Notes

• General secretary of the Communist Party
  of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and
  chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
  Under his leadership the USSR was built into a
  modern economic and military power that repelled
  Hitlers armies in World War 2 and rivaled the
  United States during the Cold War period.

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5. Siege of Leningrad
II. Cultural Notes
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6. Stalingrad
II. Cultural Notes
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II. Cultural Notes
7. World War II (1939-1945) (http//www.bbc.co.uk/
history/war/wwtwo/)
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II. Cultural Notes

• 7. World War II (1939-1945)
• A war whose European operations took place
  between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and
  Japan) and the Allies (Britain, France, and later
  the USSR and the USA). China and other countries
  were also involved in the war, fighting against
  the aggression of Japan in Asia.
• The war in Europe started when Germany,
  under Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, invaded and
  took control of some European countries and
  Allies wanted to prevent German power from
  growing in this way. Britain declared war on

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II. Cultural Notes

• Germany in September 1939 when German troops
  entered Poland, and soon afterwards Winston
  Churchill, who in Britain is closely associated
  with the Allies victory in the war, became the
  British Prime Minister.
• In 1940 German air force attacked Britain
  repeatedly but was not successful, mainly because
  of the British victory in the Battle of Britain.
  In 1941 Germany invade Russia and Japan attacked
  Pearl Harbor, an action which brought the US into
  the war. In 1942 Japan expanded its control of
  Asia but

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II. Cultural Notes

• was later checked by Allied forces in the
  Pacific. In the same year, at the Battle of El
  Alamein, Allied forces began to defeat Germany
  and Italy in northern Africa. In 1943 the Allies
  landed in Italy and Russia began to advance on
  Germany from the east. In June 1944 the Allies
  invaded northern Europe with the Normandy
  landings and began to defeat Germany in Europe.
  The war ended in May 1945 when the Allies took
  control of Germany. Hitler killed himself, and
  Japan was defeated a few months later.

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II. Cultural Notes

• 8. Chronology of World War II

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II. Cultural Notes
8. Chronology of World War II
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III. Text Organization
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IV. Comprehension Questions
Decide whether the following statements are true
or false.
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IV. Comprehension Questions
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IV. Comprehension Questions

• Answer the following questions according to the
  text
• 1. What does the icy defender refer to?
• The icy defender refers to the severe
  winter of Moscow.
• 2. What did Napoleon expect when he assembled his
  army to attack Russia?
• He expected a quick victory, predicted the
  conquest of Russia in five weeks.
• 3. What did the Russians do in the face of
  Napoleons offensive? What strategy did the
  Russians adopt?
• The Russians retreated eastward, burning their
  crops and homes as they went.

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IV. Comprehension Questions

• 4. What did Napoleon discover after he occupied
  Moscow?
• He found that the occupation of the city was
  an empty victory.
• 5. What happened to Napoleons army when it was
  retreating from Moscow?
• The Russians launched hit-and-run attacks on
  the French.
• 6. How many soldiers were there left after the
  army limped to Vilna?
• Less than one hundred thousand were left.
• 7. What did Napoleon do when Paris was captured?
• He abdicated and went into exile.

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College English (Integrated Course 4)

• Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

Text A The Icy Defender
Napoleon Bonaparte
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V. Text Analysis
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V. Text Analysis
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V. Text Analysis
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VI. Language Study (I)

• Introductory Paragraph
• 1. In the case of as far asis concerned
• --The rise in interest rate will be
  disastrous in the case of small firms.
• --Formal training will take at least 3 years
  in the case of interior decoration.
• 2. stand/get/be in the way prevent from doing
  sth.
• --Many teachers complain that they cant make
  any improvement in teaching methods as the
  existing exam system is in the way.
• --Fierce competition keeps getting in the way
  of kids development.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 3. raw (L5) cold and wet not cooked, refined,
  processed, organized or analyzed
• --The events took place on a raw February
  morning.
• --He feared eating raw fish at the dinner
  party.
• --Industrial plants processed the raw material
  into finished products for export and for
  domestic consumption.
• 4. launch (L7) start send on its course
• --The company is to launch a promotion campaign
  next month to increase its turnover.
• --The Soviet Union launched the worlds first
  artificial satellite into space on Oct. 4,1957.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 5. campaign (L10) a series of military
  operations or planned activities with a
  particular aim
• --Hitlers advisers tried to persuade him to
  avoid the risks of a winter campaign in the
  Soviet Union and wait until spring.
• 6. Come to the aid of sb.(L11) help or aid
• Also see come to ones aid/rescue
• --The long-expected rain came to the aid of the
  stranded ships in the river.
• --The police came to their rescue 15 minutes
  after they called 110.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 7. efficient (L15) able to work well or
  producing a satisfactory result without wasting
  time or resources
• --Remote terminals in the home, connected to
  data banks, make the home the most efficient
  place to work in many cases.
• --To cut back on fossil fuels, we should build
  more efficient cars.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 7. conquest (L16) conquering, defeat
• --The year 1939 had witnessed the conquest of
  Poland by Germany.
• --Hitler assumed the conquest of USSR would be
  simple.
• 8. Decisive (L19) producing a definite result or
  conclusion having or showing the ability to
  decide quickly
• --Most of the decisive land campaigns of World
  War I occurred on the continent of Europe.
• --The adoption of the euro is widely viewed as
  a decisive step toward a single European
  government.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 9. retreat (L21) move back or withdraw when
  faced with danger or difficulty
• --After a fierce battle, the troops retreated
  southward.
• --We adopted the following strategies when the
  enemy advances, we retreat when they retreat, we
  pursue.
• 10. be/get bogged down (L22) be unable to make
  progress
• --Most of the tanks were bogged down because of
  mechanical defects and inexperienced crews.
• --The local government got bogged down in
  problems of how to handle the emission of
  hazardous chemicals by industrial facilities.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 11. engage (L24) begin fighting with sb take
  part in or do occupy or attract sbs interest,
  etc.
• --The commander ordered the soldiers to engage
  the enemy immediately.
• --I have no time to engage in gossip.
• --We failed to engage any active support for
  our project.
• engage (sb.) in sth. (cause to) take part in
  sth.
• --The two countries are currently engaged in
  lengthy trade negotiations.
• --The teacher tried to engage the shy boy in
  conversation.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 12. be faced with (L27) have to deal with
• --The assistants were faced with the huge
  task of listing all the books.
• --I am faced with the awful job of breaking
  the news to the boys family.
• 13. crucial (L27) very important (followed by
  to)
• --Amazingly, our soccer team won the victory
  in the crucial final game.
• --Improved consumer confidence is crucial to
  economic recovery.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 14. take a gamble (L30) take a risk
• --The company took a gamble by cutting the
  price of their products, and it paid off.
• --I think shes taking a gamble investing all
  her money in stocks.
• 15. press on/ahead (L30) continue doing sth. in
  a determined way
• --Our school authorities are keen to press on
  with educational reform.
• --Organizers of the strike are determined to
  press on.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 16. occupation (L36) the seizure and control of
  a country or areasones trade, profession, or
  business
• --During the Japanese occupation of China,
  millions of innocent Chinese people were killed
  by Japanese soldiers.
• --Many schools have struggled to meet the
  educational requirements of new technology-based
  occupations.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 17. bide ones time (L39) wait patiently for a
  chance
• --His political rivals are biding their time
  for an attack on his policies.
• --He bided his time until Harvard University
  offered him a professorship.
• 18. minus (L40) below zero made less by
  slightly lower than the mark stated
• --Tomorrows temperature will be as low as
  minus ten degrees centigrade.
• --I got B minus in the final examination which
  made me very upset.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 19. drag on (L50) move slowly and with effort
  continue endlessly and tediously
• --These compensation cases have already
  dragged on for one year.
• --How much longer is the meeting going to drag
  on?
• 20. stroke (L54) any of a series of repeated
  movements single successful or effective action
  or occurrence blow
• --I saw a chance of solving all my problems at
  a stroke.
• --He drove in a nail with one stroke of the
  hammer.
• --He won a car in the lottery last week.
  Thats his first stroke of good luck.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 21. at the cost of (L55) with the loss of
• --Berman saved Johnson at the cost of his own
  life.
• --The local government developed its economy
  but at the cost of environment.
• 22. limp (L56) walk with difficulty, especially
  when one foot or leg is hurt
• --That dog must be hurtits limping.
• --I injured my ankle and had to limp.
• --During the race he fell down but he kept to
  limp on.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 23. weaken (L58) (cause to) become weak or
  weaker
• --The Asian financial crisis severely weakened
  some countries.
• --Pneumonia often proves fatal to people with
  a weakened immune system.
• c.f. adj. en gtgtgtgtgt verb
• --sharpen, soften, widen, harden, redden,
  tighten, loosen,

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 24. alliance (L60) a union or an association
  formed for mutual benefit
• --NATO is considered as the most powerful
  military alliance in modern history.
• --Japan and Germany made their formal alliance
  in 1940.
• 25. declaration (L65) formally announcing a
  formal announcement (followed by of)
• --The Japanese attacked the U.S. naval base at
  Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941
  without a declaration of war.
• --The opening speeches sounded like
  declarations of war.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 26. invasion (L66) an entering or being entered
  by an attacking military force
• --The country remained free from invasion for
  60 years.
• --On Hitlers orders, the invasion of Poland
  began on September 1,1939.
• 27. catch sb. off guard (L71) take sb. by
  surprise
• --The invitation to his wedding caught me off
  guard.
• --The manager didnt know what to say, it was
  clear that my question had caught him off guard.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 28. instruct (L71) give orders or directions to
  somebody
• --The family has instructed solicitors to sue
  Thomson for compensation.
• --The professor instructed us that we had one
  month to conduct the project.
• --He instructed family members in nursing
  techniques.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 29. render (L73) cause (sb.\sth) to be in a
  specified condition
• --Hundreds of people were rendered homeless by
  the earthquake.
• --The drug will render the tiger harmless for
  up to two hours.
• --He was rendered unconscious by a blow on the
  back of the neck.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 30. casualty (L75) a person who is killed or
  injured in war or in an accident
• --The precise number of casualties in
  yesterdays bomb explosion is not known.
• 31. close in on/around (L76) come near to, esp.
  in order to attack from several directions
  surround
• --Hitler committed suicide as Soviet forces
  were closing in on Berlin.
• --Right after the suicide explosion, Israeli
  troops began to close in on the Palestinian city.
• --The soccer fans closed in on the umpire when
  the game was over.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 32. die from/of (L79) have as the cause of
  death
• --Some animals died of starvation in the
  snow.
• All the plants were dying from lack of
  rain.
• 33. run out (L79) be used up
• --Ill go shopping for some stationery. The
  copying paper has run out.
• --Natural resources will run out someday. The
  human beings have to look for substitutes.
• cf. (sth.) run out
• (man) run out of sth.
• --We are running out of fuel.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 34. siege (L81) a military operation in which an
  army tries to capture a town, etc. by surrounding
  it and stopping the supply of food, etc. to the
  people inside.
• --We must do everything possible to lift the
  siege.
• --They are hopeful of bringing the siege to a
  peaceful conclusion.
• --The city was under siege for six months.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 35. bring to a halt (L91) stop completely
• --Air traffic in Poland had been brought to a
  halt by an air traffic controllers strike.
• --Our journey was brought to a halt by a
  storm.
• 36. offensive (92) aggressive action, attack
• --The Red Army brought its winter offensive
  to a successful conclusion.
• --In January 1944 a Soviet offensive raised
  the long siege of Leningrad.
• --Faced with the invasion, they took
  immediate offensive action.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 37. turn the tide (against) (L102) change what
  looks like defeat into victory (over)
• --The appearance of Joan of Arc turned the
  tide of war.
• --Soviet victory in Stalingrad turned the
  tide of the war in Europe.
• 38. thanks to (L103) because of
• --Thanks to her financial support, the two
  children in the remote village could go to
  school.
• --Thanks to their tireless efforts, the
  performance was a great success.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 39. heroic (L107) having the characteristics of
  a hero very brave
• --The soldier saved the girl at the cost of
  his own life
• --His heroic deeds were appreciated by all the
  people in the community.
• 40. reckon (L114) count consider think
• --The existence of the U.S. is reckoned from
  the Declaration of Independence.
• --Many people reckon him to be a great
  basketball player.
• --All these problems have to be reckoned with
  as they arose.

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VI. Language Study (I)

• 41. toll (L116) the number of people or animals
  killed or injured in particular circumstances
  money paid for the use of a bridge or road.
• --The toll of road deaths and injuries is on
  the rise.
• --The local government was allowed to charge
  tolls for the use of the roads.
• take ones/ a toll cause damage, injuries or
  deaths of/on
• --His hard work has taken its toll on his
  stomach.

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• Look up the following pairs of words and see
  the differences between them.
• 1. soil / earth
• 2. campaign / battle
• 3. decisive / crucial
• 4. stick / bog
• 5. attack / assault
• 6. flee / retreat

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 1. soil the top layer of the earth in which
  plants grow
• --on British soil/French soil in
  Britain, in France
• --sbs native soil sbs own country
• earth the world that we live in substance
  that plants grow in the hard surface of the
  world, as opposed to sea
• --what/why/how on earth used when
  you are asking a question about sth. that you are
  very surprised or annoyed about

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 2. Campaign a series of actions intended to
  achieve particular result, especially in politics
  or business a series of battles, attacks
  intended to achieve particular result in a war.
• Battle a fight between opposing
  armies, groups of ships etc, especially one that
  is part of a larger war a situation in which
  opposing groups or people compete or argue with
  each other when trying to achieve success or
  control

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 3. decisive an action, event etc. that has a
  powerful effect on the final result of something
  leading to a clear result and ending doubt to
  be one of the most important causes of sth.
  definite and not able to be doubted.
• crucial something that is crucial is
  extremely important because everything else
  depends on it

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 4. stick push, if a pointed object sticks into
  sth or you stick it into sth., it is pushed into
  it fix, to fix sth to sth-else with a
  sticky substance, or to become fixed to a surface
  difficult to move, if sth sticks it
  becomes fixed in one position so that is is
  difficult to move
• bog to become too involved in thinking
  about or dealing with one particular thing to
  become stuck in muddy ground and be unable to
  move

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 5. Assault the crime of attacking someone a
  military attack to take control of a place
  controlled by the enemy an attempt to achieve
  sth. difficult, especially using physical force.
• Attack an act of deliberately using
  violence against someone the act of using
  weapons against an enemy in a war a statement
  that criticizes someone strongly.

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VII. Language Study (II)

• Compare and Contrast
• 6. flee to leave somewhere very quickly in
  order to escape from danger
• --We were forced to flee the country.
• retreat to walk back and away from someone or
  sth. because you are afraid or embarrassed to
  move away from the enemy after being defeated in
  battle to go away to a place that is quiet or
  safe to change your mind about a promise you
  have made because the situation has become too
  difficult.

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VII. Language Study (II) Structure

• 1. (L8) launched an attack against the Soviet
  Union, as Russia then was called.
• as?????,??????,????,???,.??
• --She is a doctor, as is her husband He is very
  careful, as we all know.
• --As is well-known, Taiwan belongs to China.
• ??,?????the same, such?????,??as?????????
• --Such a clever girl as she can learn anything
  quickly.
• --I was reading the same book as he bought
  yesterday.

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VII. Language Study (II) Structure

• 2. (L16) Napoleon, confident of a quick victory,
  predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
• ???????????????,????
• --The manager, convinced of the possible
  business risks, agreed to give up the original
  plan.
• --The audience, greatly affected by his speech,
  all voiced support for the proposal.
• 3. (L20) To his surprise, the Russians refused
  to
• To ones relief/delight/satisfaction/disappoint
  ment/ regret/.

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VII. Language Study (II) Structure

• 4. (L21) they retreated eastward, burning their
  crops and homes as they went
• (L50) The French soldiers dragged on, leaving
  the dead along every mile.
• ???????,?????
• 5. (L61-62) Napoleon abdicated and went into
  exile, his empire at an end.
• ???????,?????
• --The hurricane visited the town, leaving 300
  deaths.

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VIII. Post Reading Review of Vocabulary
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VIII. Post Reading Review of Vocabulary
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VIII. Post Reading Review of Vocabulary
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VIII. Post Reading Points for discussion

1. In what way was Hitlers offensive against the
   Soviet Union similar to Napoleons campaign
   against Russia? In what way were they different?

Invading country France Germany
Country invaded Russia Soviet Union
Starter of war Napoleon Hitler
Starting time Spring, 1812 June 22, 1941
Prediction Quick victory Lightning war
Capture of the capital yes No
Truce offer By Napoleon, being rejected by Czar No
Biggest enemy for the invading force Snow, freezing temperature Heavy rain, snow, freezing coldness
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VIII. Post Reading Points for discussion
2. Do you think the harsh Russian winter the only
factor that led to Napoleons and Hitlers
defeat? Why or why not?

• The harsh Russian winter was an important
  factor that led to Napoleons and Hitlers
  defeat, but it was not the only one. The Russians
  had strong will-power and they united together to
  fight the enemies.

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VIII. Post Reading Points for discussion
3. How do you define war and do you think war
can be avoided in todays world? Why or why not?

• Prussian military strategist Karl von
  Clausewitz said, War is nothing but the
  continuation of politics with the admixture of
  other means.
• The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
  English defines war as fighting between two or
  more countries or opposing groups within a
  country, involving large numbers of soldiers and
  weapons.

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VIII. Post Reading Blank Filling

• Fill in each blank in the following paragraph
  with appropriate words and phrases from the text.

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• I-1. Fill in the gaps with words and phrases
• 1) alliance
• 2) heroic
• 3) stroke
• 4) limp
• 5) minus
• 6) religious
• 7) declarations

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• Vocabulary
• I-1. Fill in the gaps with words and phrases
• 8) siege
• 9) raw
• 10) retreat
• 11) have taken their toll
• 12) In the case of
• 13) campaign
• 14. at the cost of
• 15) has been brought to a halt

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• Vocabulary
• I-2. Use the verb in brackets to form an
  appropriate phrasal verb
• 1) is faced with
• 2) get bogged down
• 3) is pressing on/ pressed on
• 4) drag on
• 5) picking up
• 6) falling apart
• 7) cut back
• 8) take over

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• Vocabulary
• I-3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or
  phrase in brackets
• 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead
  to the conquest of cancer in the near future.
• 2) The border dispute between the two countries
  resulted in thousands of casualties.
• 3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure
  interests will/should never get in the way of her
  career.
• 4) Obviously the reporters questions caught
  the foreign minister off guard.
• 5) The introduction of the electronic
  calculator has rendered the slide rule out of
  date/obsolete.

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• Vocabulary
• I-3. Complete the following sentences, using
• 1) the occupation of retreat to regions
• 2) crucial to efficient to reckon with
  weaken be brought to a halt
• 3) a heroic the decisive turned the tide
  siege by launching

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• II. More Synonyms in Context
• 1) During the First World War, battles occurred
  Some of the most dramatic fighting occurred
  (took place) in the gloomy trenches of .
• 2) Elizabethand her preparations (homework/
  efforts) paid off.
• 3) I spent hoursbut he turned a deaf ear to
  all my talk (words)
• 4) Pneumonia had and I wondered how her weak
  (fragile) body could withstand the severe weather.

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IX. Key to Exercises Vocabulary

• III. Usage (Verb adj.)
• 1) But often it is not until we fall ill that
  we finally learn to appreciate good health.
• 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two
  weeks ----and nobody knew anything about it.
• 3) It is said that he dropped dead from a
  heart attack when he was at work.
• 4) Dont sit too close to the fire to keep
  warm --- you could easily get burned, especially
  if you fall asleep.
• 5) In those days people believed in marrying
  young and having children early.
• 6) Little Tom was unable to sit still for
  longer than a few minutes.

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IX. Key to Exercises Structure

• Structure
• 1. Rewrite the following sentences after the
  model
• 1) To his great delight, Doctor Deng discovered
  two genes in wild rice that can increase the
  yield by 30 percent.
• 2) To her great relief, her daughter had left
  the building before it collapsed.
• 3) To our disappointment, our womens team lost
  out to the North Koreans.
• 4) We think, to our regret, that we will not be
  able to visit you during the coming Christmas.

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IX. Key to Exercises Structure

• Structure
• 2. Study the following examples, paying
  attention to the different ways of expressing the
  location of a place.
• 1) in the vast swamps (which lies to the) east
  of the Nile.
• 2) had gained control of the vast areas north
  of the Yangtze River.
• 3) was born in a small village in the north of
  France.
• 4) continues/runs through the U.S. for about
  1900 kilometers west of the Rocky Mountains.

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IX. Key to Exercises Cloze

• Comprehensive Exercises
• I. Cloze A
• 1) invasion 2) stand in the way
• 3) Conquest 4) catchingoff his guard
• 5) launching 6) declaration
• 7) campaign 8) drag on
• 9) reckon with 10) die from
• 11) bringing to a halt

80
IX. Key to Exercises Cloze

• Comprehensive Exercises
• Cloze B
• 1) In 2) since 3) the
• 4) and 5) it 6) that/which
• 7) of/about 8) across 9) to
• 10) lost 11) to 12) with
• 13) Buried 14) in 15) than
• 16. Between 17) from 18) to
• 19) down

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IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• II. Translation
• 1.?????????,??????????????
• The offensive had already lasted three days,
  but we had not gained much ground.
• 2.??????????????????????
• Our troops engaging the enemy at the front
  were faced with still resistance.
• 3.??(division commander)?????(battalion)??????????
  ???
• The division commander instructed our
  battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy
  and launch a surprise attack.

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IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• 4. ??,???????,???????????????????????????
• To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland
  and many of us were afraid we might get bogged
  down in the mud.
• 5. ???????????
• Our battalion commander decided to take a
  gamble.
• 6. ??????????,????,?????
• We started under cover of darkness and
  pressed on in spite of great difficulties.

83
IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• 7.????,?????????????20?,?????????
• By a stroke of luck, the temperature at night
  suddenly dropped to minus 20 degrees Celsius and
  the marsh froze over.
• 8. ????????,???????????????????
• Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at our
  destination before dawn and began attacking the
  enemy from the rear.

84
IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• 9. ???????????????,???????
• This turned the tide of the battle. The
  enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.

85
IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• II. Translation Translate the following passage
  into English, using the words and phrases given.
• ?????????,?????????????????????????????
  ?????????(division commander)?????(battalion)?????
  ??????????,???????,???????????(marshland)?????????
  ????????????????????????????,????,?????????,??????
  ???????20?,?????????????????,?????????????????????
  ?????????????,???????

86
IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• The offensive had already lasted three
  days, but we had not gained much ground. Our
  troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced
  with still resistance. The division commander
  instructed our battalion to get around to the
  rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack.
  To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland
  and many of us were afraid we might get bogged
  down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided
  to take a gamble. We started under cover of
  darkness and pressed on in spite of great
  difficulties. By a stroke of luck,

87
IX. Key to Exercises Translation

• the temperature at night suddenly dropped to
  minus 20 degrees Celsius and the marsh froze
  over. Thanks to the cold weather, we arrived at
  our destination before dawn and began attacking
  the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of
  the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon
  surrendered.

88
College English (Integrated Course 4)

• Unit 1 Fighting with the Forces of Nature

Text B The Normandy Landings
89
Text B The Normandy Landings

• I. Cultural notes
• 1. The Normandy Landings the largest and most
  ambitious military expedition in history. On June
  6, 1944, the allied forces of America, Britain
  and Canada landed on Normandy, which was in
  northwest France, on the English Channel.

90
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 2. Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1972)
  (http//www.usa-presidents.info/eisenhower.htm)
• 34th President of the United States
  (1953-61), who had been supreme commander of all
  Allied forces in western Europe during World War
  II. He resigned his five-star general's rank on
  becoming President, but the U.S. Congress
  restored it when he left office in 1961.

91
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 2. Dwight David Eisenhower
• ????????????????????????????5 0
  ???????,?????????????????????,?????,????,?????????
  ????????,?????????,?????????????????????,?????????
  ???????,????????,?????????????

92
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 3. Erwin Rommel (1891-1944)
• Nicknamed the Desert Fox. He is the German
  field marshal, noted for his brilliant
  generalship in north Africa in World War 2. Later
  a commander in France. He committed suicide after
  the officers plot against Hitler.

93
Text B The Normandy Landings

• II. Vocabulary
• Artillery ?? aircraft ??
• troop ?? fleet ??
• Sea-borne troop ???? airborne unit ????
• Paratrooper ??? pathfinder ?????
• Armada ?? naval vessel ??
• battery ?? Transport plane ???
• anti-aircraft ??? Assault craft ???
• minesweeper ??? Anti-personnel ????
• landing craft ??? Cavalry squadron ????
• shelter ?? Naval bombardment ????

94
Text B The Normandy Landings

• III. Comprehension Questions
• If you had to choose a subtitle for the passage,
  which of the following would be the best?
• A. Fooling the Germans
• B. The Role of General Eisenhower
• C. The Largest Invasion Ever
• D. Gambling with the Forces of Nature
• KEY

D
95
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 2. It can be inferred that___.
• A. planning the invasion was not complicated
  except for predicting the weather.
• B. it was impossible to predict how any of
  the forces of nature would behave.
• C. moonlight was needed by the navy.
• D. the planners were wise to allow for the
  possibility of delay
• KEY

D
96
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 3. The weather forecast for 6 June predicted
  that ___.
• A. the storm would have completely ended.
• B. the storm might die down for a while.
• C. the storm would get worse before it got
  better.
• D. the weather would be as expected for the
  time of year.
• KEY

B
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Text B The Normandy Landings

• 4. It can be inferred that the Germans did not
  expect the invasion on 6 June because___.
• A. they thought that weather would be bad.
• B. they believed the Allies could not agree.
• C. the allied decoys had fooled them into
  believing the invasion would take place later.
• D. they expected the landings on the seventh.
• KEY

A
98
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 5. Many paratroopers landed in the wrong
  place because ________.
• A. the pathfinders had been blown away from
  the correct landing sites.
• B. of enemy anti-aircraft fire.
• C. visibility was poor.
• D. of bad planning.
• KEY

B
99
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 6. The ships guns were ineffective because of
  _________.
• A. poor visibility
• B. fear of hitting the troops as they landed
• C. the high seas
• D. the strength of the German defense
• KEY

D
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Text B The Normandy Landings

• IV. English-Chinese Translation
• 1. The fifth was chosen for D-Day to allow a
  safety margin in case the attack needed to be
  postponed.
• ???????????????,????????????,???????????
• 2. But an unusually stormy transition from
  spring toward summer that year held out little
  hope there would be a suitable break in the
  weather.
• ????,???????????????,???????????????????????
  ?,??????????

101
Text B The Normandy Landings

• IV. English-Chinese Translation
• 3. The German shore batteries that would have
  contested a landing in the original area would
  undoubtedly have taken a heavy toll. The landing
  at the new sector was virtually unopposed.
• ?? ???????????,?????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• 4. Despite difficulties, Eisenhowers gamble with
  the elements was to pay off.
• ????????,?????????????????????

102
Text B The Normandy Landings

• V. Language Practice
• Fill in the gaps with words and phrases
  listed in the Words and Phrases to Learn box on
  Page 23. Change the form where necessary.
• boast
• obstacles
• was concerned
• calloff
• paid off
• was pinned down

103
Text B The Normandy Landings

• 7. are contesting
• 8. prior to
• 9. hold out
• 10. objective
• 11. responsible
• 12. in case
• 13. favorable

14. due to 15. on the eve of 16. cancel 17.
complications 18. stiff 19. withstand 20. absent