Technologies for Learning Chapter 2

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Technologies for Learning Chapter 2

• Katherine Ann Webster

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Chapter Outline

• Technologies for Learning
• Cooperative Learning
• Games, Simulations, and Simulation Games
• Learning Centers
• Programmed Instruction, Programmed Tutoring, and
  Programmed Teaching
• Personalized System of Instruction

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Technologies for Learning???
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Types of Technology

• Hard technology
• Computers and Satellites
• Soft technology
• A process or way of thinking about a problem

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Features of Successful Instruction

• Active involvement (participation and
  interaction)
• Reinforcement and Feedback
• Practice
• Realistic context
• Individualized Instruction or Cooperative groups

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Learner Participation
Not or
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To get the learner actively involved

• .is to get the learner
• thinking!!!

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Positive Reinforcement and Feedback

• Good Work!!!
• Excellent!!!
• Tell me what you did here?
• Youve done a great job!!!
• I can tell that youve worked hard.
• In this what you intended? What were you trying
  to do?
• Lets work on this.
• Maybe I can help you.

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Practice
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Realistic context

• What context are you using to present your
  materials and exercises?
• Teaching Math
• Recipes
• Nature walks
• Teaching Health Safety
• Drug Dog Visit
• Trip to Fire Dept

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Cooperative Groups, Parallel
Learning or Individualized Instruction

• Everyone needs help once in a while.
• Everyone needs to learn how to work in a group.

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Some people prefer to work by themselves.
Thats just their
way!!!
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Some folks prefer to work with others.
They work well in groups.

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Cooperative Groups
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Cooperative Learning
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Lets all pull together!!!!
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Not!!!!!

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Cooperative Learning defined

• Cooperative Learning is the instructional use
  of small groups so that students work together to
  maximize their own and each
• others learning.

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Cooperative Learning Formats

• Johnson and Johnsons Learning Together Model
• Slavins Team-Assisted Individualization
• Computer-Based Cooperative Learning

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Johnson and Johnsons Learning Together Model

• Feedback is critical in successful learning.
• Interpersonal Feedback is being told by another
  person what works well and what does not.
• Interpersonal, and small-group skills are taught.
  p.28
• 
  

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Slavins Team-Assisted Individualization (TAI)

• Math in 3rd 6th grades
• Small groups teacher assigned
• Self-paced, Self-checking
• Organized environment
• Less demands on teachers
• Direct Instruction
• Team Study Techniques

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The TAI Pattern

• Teaching groups
• Team formation
• Self Instructional Materials
• Step-by-step procedures for problem solving
• Set of problems and Self-test Items
• Summative Test
• Team Scores and Team Recognition - Weekly

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Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
• Active Learning and Social Skills
• Group Interdependence and Accountability
• Individual Accountability
• Disadvantages
• Student Compatibility and Individualists
• Dependency and Leadership
• Time Logistical obstacles

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Results

• Better learning of lesson content
• Better retention
• Better interpersonal skills
• Better thinking skills

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Parallel Learning

• Advantages
• Friendly Atmosphere and Environment
• Companionship
• Security

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Companionship

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Security
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Individualized Instruction

• Working One-on-One
• Individualized assignments

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Computer-Based Cooperative Learning

• Manages paperwork for classes
• Assists more than one group
• Assigns individual tasks to
• students (creating good
• interdependence)

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• Games,
• Simulation, and
• Simulation Games
• these terms are often used
• 
  interchangeably

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Games and Adaptation

• Games defined
• An activity in which participants follow rules
  that differ from real life as they strive to
  attain a challenging goal.
• Adaptation
• Teachers often adapt existing games by changing
  the subject, but keeping the games structure.
  The original game is then called the frame
  game.

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Characteristics and Uses of Games

• Characteristics
• Entertaining, Imaginative
• Challenging
• Obtainable Goals
• Uses
• Important skills
• Motivation
• Small Group Instruction

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Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages
• Attractive and Novel
• Atmosphere
• Time on task
• Disadvantages
• Competition
• Distraction
• Poor design

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Simulation and Simulators defined

• Simulation is a simplification of some real-life
  situation or process.
• Simulators provide realistic practice with
  feedback in a realistic context.

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Examples, Advantages and Disadvantages

• Examples
• Starpower
• Role Play
• Flight Simulators
• Advantages
• Real-Life Learning
• Safe Environment
• Simplified
• Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Oversimplification

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Simulation Games

• Characteristics
• Provides conditions for learning
• Requires interaction and models real life
• Examples
• Role Play
• The Green Revolution Game
• Save the Whales
• Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?

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Cooperative Simulation Games

• Cooperative Simulation Games have provided a
  New Concept. Games should teach cooperation,
  acceptance, and success in a fun-oriented
  atmosphere to develop strong positive
  self-concepts.

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Debriefing

• Types of Debriefing
• Group
• Individual
• 4 Ds of Debriefing
• Decompressing (feelings)
• Describing (facts)
• Drawing Comparisons (transfer)
• Deriving Lessons (applications)

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Appraisal Checklist

• Games
• Simulation
• Simulation Games

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Learning Centers and Carrels

• Learning Centers
• Self-contained environments designed to
  promote individual or small-group learning around
  a specific task.
• Carrels Wet and Dry
• Wet Electrical Outlets
• Dry No electrical outlets

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Learning
Centers

• Advantages
• Self-Pacing
• Active Learning
• Teacher Role
• Disadvantages
• Time and Cost
• Classroom Management
• Student are responsible for learning
• Limited Student Socialization

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Types and Examples of Learning Centers

• Types of Centers
• Skills Centers
• Interest Centers
• Remedial Centers
• Enrichment Centers
• Examples
• Daytona 500 Learning Center
• Project CHILD

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Programmed Instruction, Programmed
Tutoring, Programmed Teaching

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Programmed Instruction

• Programmed Instruction follows the theory that
  behavior is learned through reinforcement.
• Programmed Instruction played an important role
  in the development of computer software.

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Programmed Tutoring (Structured Tutoring)

• Definition
• A program that uses carefully structured printed
  instructions.
• The tutors responses are based on the learners
  answers. It can be fast or slow paced depending
  on the needs and responses of the student.

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Characteristics of Programmed Instruction
and Programmed Tutoring

• Programmed Instruction
• Enjoyment and Learning
• Realistic Contexts
• Programmed Tutoring
• One-on-one
• Structured Responses
• Student Paced

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Advantages of both Programmed Instruction
and Programmed Tutoring

• Self-Pacing
• Practice and Feedback
• Reliable
• Effective

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Disadvantages..

• Programmed Instruction
• Program Design
• Tedious Repetition
• Lack of Social Interaction
• Programmed Tutoring
• Labor Dependent
• Time and Cost

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Programmed Teaching (Direct Instruction)

• Definition
• An attempt to apply the principles of programmed
  instruction in a large-group setting
• Characteristics
• Highly Prescriptive Lesson Plan
• Small Groups (5-10 students)

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Critical Features of Programmed Teaching

• Scripted Lessons
• Unison Responses
• Rapid Pace
• Reinforcement or Correction

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Personalized System of Instruction (PSI)

• PSI comes from the same basic idea as Mastery
  Learning. All students can succeed achieve
  basic mastery but need different amount of
  time and practice to get there.

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Essential Ideas and Uses of PSI

• Essential Ideas
• Materials in sequential order.
• Student must master each unit.
• Tests determine Mastery
• Uses
• Community College Level
• Computer-Based courses
• Distance Education

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Advantages and Disadvantages of PSI

• Advantages
• Self-Pacing
• Mastery
• Effective
• Disadvantages
• Development Costs
• Mastery Perspective
• Self-discipline