Answers By: Sadeg M. Faris

1
Is Zinc The Answer to Our Energy
Independence?Can Zinc Replace Polluting Fossil
Fuels For Transportation, Power Generation,
Mining Other Industries?
Answers BySadeg M. Faris Tsepin
TsaieVionyx Inc., Hawthorne New York2-27-08
2
Harvesting Food Cycle
Harvesting Fuel Cycle
Fuel
reducer
reducer
oxidizer
oxidizer
3
Is Zinc The Answer to Our Energy Independence?

• Non-Flammable Zinc Fuel Energy, Beats Proposed
  Alternatives such as Hydrogen. Biofuels, Lithium
  batteries
• NiZn battery and Zinc Fuel Hybrid is the Anwer is
  driver of the Zinc Economy

Nickel Zinc Batteries
Zinc Air Fuel Cells
Hybrid Controller
The Proven Hybrid Solution

• Already proven in an all electric hybrid vehicle
  establishing Guinness Record
• Combing Zinc Fuel Cell Energy with NiZ Battery
  for high power

4
We Are Inviting Partners To Champion The Zinc
Economy

• To Sponsor the Promotional Electric Bus Project
• To Invest in two enabling technologies
• eVionyx, Inc. Pioneering in Metal-Air Fuel Cell
  technology
• Xellerion, Inc. Pioneering in NiZn Battery
  Technology

Electric Mobility Victory Bus

• Range 375 miles
• 10,000 mile Endurance
• Refuelable with non-flammable Zinc Fuel
• Hybrid with NiZn Battery

5
EMVictory Bus
An Epic gt 10,000 Mile Journey Demonstrating The
Viability Of Renewable Non-Flammable Zinc Fuel
6
A Case For The Zinc Economy

• Energy Historical Perspective
• Mobility Historical Perspective
• Alternative Energy Sources
• Zinc Based Technologies
• eVionyx Catalyst for Zinc Economy?
• The EMVictory Bus Project
• Why 10,000 Miles?
• Technology Details

7
Mining Metal Industry History of Innovations

• Steam Engine As Pumps for Mines
• Steam Engines For Industrial Revolution
• Mining Tools for Oil Discovery
• Nuclear Fuels

8
Fuels During Second Industrial Revolution,
Edisons

• Food
• Coal/Steam/electric
• Hydro-electric

All these have solar origin
9
Fuels for 20th Century

• Food
• Coal/Steam/electric
• Hydro-electric
• Petroleum gasoline, diesel, kerosene, gas
• Nuclear

All these have solar origin
10
Fuels for 21th Century?

• Food
• Solar PV
• Wind
• Hydro
• Coal/Steam/electric
• Petroleum
• Nuclear

Hydrogen. Ethanol, Methanol Fusion, Biomass
Many uncertainties
11
Fuels for 21th Century?
Instead of Gatherers of Fuel We Have to Farm It
and Harvest It
Energy from the Sun Farming Harvesting Food Fuel
Metal Fuel
12
Carbon-Less Energy for 21th Century?
Nuclear, Direct Solar, Wind, Hydro
For Grid-less Mobile Applications . What Choices
Do We Have?
Grid
13
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
14
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
15
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
16
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
17
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
18
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
19
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
20
Mobility Means AutonomyConsumers are accustomed
to 300 mile range.Refueling in lt 5
minutesThis Is Why Case For Zinc Can Easily Be
Made
21
Why Zinc?Typical Modern Small Car Needs 150
Wh/Mile300 Mile range requires 45KWhAt
500-1000/KWh for Lithium. The Cost is
prohibitive and may not fit in the car
22
Why Zinc?On the other hand Zinc Fuel Cellgt
300 Wh/Kggt 500 Wh/LEasly fit in cars and buses
at 1/3 the cost.
23
In Addition, Refuelability and Rechargeability
Makes the Zinc EconomyViable
24
1995
2000
2005
2010
H2 Economy
Biomass Economy
Lithium Economy
Zinc Economy
25
Why Nickel Zinc Battery ?gt 60 Wh/Kg gt 100
Wh/LNo cooling requiredHigh Current
DensityMaterial ReusableLowest Cost per Mile
26
Why Nickel Zinc Battery ?By Itself May Beat
Other BatteriesBut The Combination with Zinc
Fuel, Is Unbeatable
27
Electrochemical Power Cells
Open Systems
Hybrid Systems
Closed Systems
Power Plant Hierarchy
28
Zinc Air Fuel Cell Stacks 10 kW/300AH
29
Experimental Demonstration of Metal Fuel
Harvesting Cycle
Recharged Fuel Zinc

Harvesting
Zinc fuel
reducer
Power out For consumption
Farming
Energy In from Sun
oxidizer
Charging Station
Metal Fuel Cell
Zinc oxide
Recycling
Consumed Fuel Zinc Hydroxide and ZnO
30
Metal Fuel Technology DemonstrationExceeded 100
Oxidation-ReductionCycle In A Single Cell
31
Metal Fuel Technology DemonstrationExceeded 100
Oxidation-ReductionCycle In A 12 V Module
32
Why Invest in eVionyx Zinc Technology ?
Mr. Zinc

1. Zinc replaces carbon
2. Achieve Energy Sovereignty.
3. Zinc Power for Mining Metal Industries
4. Carbon-less Economy
5. Transportation Fuel
6. Expand Zinc market to billions of tons
7. Zinc Industry becomes Energy Industry

eVionyx
33
Key eVionyx Enabling Technologies

• Air Diffusion Electrode
• Hydroxide Conducting Membrane
• Metal-Air Fuel Cell
• NiZn Battery
• All Electric Hybrid Approach

34
eVictory Car
Successfully Demonstrated Metal Fuel Cells for
Electric Mobility

• Time Oct. 2, 2000 / Location USA
• Distance Record 334 KM
• System Zn-Air (refuelable)
• Vehicle Modified Honda Insight

35
MeVictory Car
Successfully Extended the range To another
Guiness Record

• Time Oct. 11, 2003 / Location Malaysia
• Distance Record 524 KM
• System Zn-Air (refuelable) / NiZn hybrid
• Vehicle Modified Honda Insight

36
Zinc Fuel Cell In The Back
37
Nickel Zinc Battery In The Front
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The Road Ahead
39
Electric Mobility Victory (EMVictory) Bus
Proposal
The success of eVictory and MeVictory Cars in
demonstrating gt500km range is the driving force
toPlan the next milestone for Electric
MobilityTriumph of Grid-less Mobility on the
100 year Anniversary of the Peking to Paris Race
40
Project Summary

• eVionyx proposes to use its all-electric hybrid
  system (Zn-Air fuel cell and NiZn battery) to
  apply electric bus to demonstrate a driving
  distance of more than 600 km between refueling.
• The energy source is eVionyxs Zn-Air refuelable
  Metal-Air Fuel Cell
• The power booster is Xellerions NiZn high
  performance battery.

41
Technical Specifications of EMVictory

• Estimated Electric Bus Parameters
• Voltage 312V
• Peak Power 100 kW
• Constant Power 45 kW _at_60 km/hr
• To Achieve 600 km,
• Running time 10 hours
• Energy required 450 kWh

42
Preliminary Project Timeline

• First EMVictory Bus Project Organizational
  Meeting October x.
• EMVictory Plan Budget Ready
• EMVictory Plan Budget Approved
• EVionyx Canada (EVC) Incorporated and launched
• EVC Energy Lab Established
• EMVictory Project Execution Begins
• EMVictory Design Ready
• Demonstrate Metal Fuel Cell Module Design
• EMVictory Bus Trial Run Winnipeg to Toronto June
  15
• Begin EMVictory Bus Epic Journey August from
  Winnipeg
• Return Triumphantly to Winnipeg after gt10,000
  Mile

43
eVionyxs Unique All Electric Hybrid Approach
44
All Electric Hybrid Vehicle
Hybrid Controller
NiZn Booster
Zinc Fuel Cell
45
Zinc Air Fuel Cell Stacks 10 kW/300AH
46
All-Electric Hybrid
47
Refuelable Metal-Air Fuel Cell
e-
e-
OH-
Cathode
AIR
OH-
OH-
Metal Fuel
Fuel Cell
Zinc Anode
Separator
48
NiZn Battery Pack

• Xellerion NiZn Battery Pack
• High power capacity
• Safe
• Environmentally friendly
• Low cost

12V/50AH NiZn Pack
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375 Mile Electric Bus Design Parameters
50
All Electric Hybrid System Diagram
Motor
Motor Controller
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-system 1
NiZn Booster
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-system 2
All-Electric Hybrid Controller
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-system 3
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-system 4
51
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Full System

• Full System
• No of sub-system 4
• Nominal voltage 312 V
• Total Capacity 1440 AH
• Total energy 450 kWh
• Power 100 kW
• Weight Estimate
• Fuel Cell System Weight 800 kg
• Zn Fuel Weight 1000 kg
• Total 1,8000 kg

52
Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-System

• Sub-system
• Energy 112 kWh
• Nominal Voltage 312 V
• Capacity 360 AH
• Power 25 kW
• Weight Estimate
• Fuel Cell System Weight 200 kg
• Zn Fuel Weight 250 kg
• Total 450 kg

Zn-Air Fuel Cell Sub-system 1
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NiZn Booster

• NiZn Booster
• Nominal Voltage 312 V
• Capacity 120 AH
• Energy 36 kWh
• Peak Power gt100 kW
• Peak Current gt 300A
• Weight Estimate 600 kg

54
All Electric Hybrid System Summary
Total Energy 486 kWh Zn-Air Fuel Cell 450
kWh NiZn Booster 36 kWh Total
486 kWh
Total Power 180 kW Zn-Air Fuel Cell 80
kW NiZn booster 100 kW Total 180 kW
Total Weight 2400 kg Zn-Air Fuel Cell 800
kg 600km Zn Fuel 1000 kg NiZn booster
600 kg Total 2400 kg