NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS SCHOOL OF SCIENCE FACULTY OF PHYSICS DEPARTMENT OF ASTROPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY AND MECHANICS SPACE PHYSICS GROUP Panepistimiopolis, 15783 Zographos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece e-mail: [e-mail]

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A 3D cosmic ray detector on the Moon X.
Moussas University of Athens xmoussas_at_cc.uoa.gr

• 3D cosmic ray time dependent distributions can be
  obtained
• using properly positioned cosmic ray detectors
  on the Moon.
• This system can give new insight to the study of
  the modulation of both galactic and solar cosmic
  rays
• It will provide measurements outside the Earths
  magnetosphere of
• the cosmic ray intensity time variability
• the cosmic ray anisotropy time variability
• Earth directed strong solar wind shocks and hence
  
• space weather predictions complementary to other
  methods
• time and directional variations of the spectrum,
  possibly variations of the composition and
  temperature of cosmic rays can also be measured
• Magnetar activity studies will also benefit from
  such an observatory

Towards a European Infrastructure for Lunar
Observatories Bremen, Wednesday 23rd March 2005
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The study of cosmic rays both galactic and solar
continues to be of great importance to space
sciences (origin, propagation, exotic objects)
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The cosmic ray spectral (not only the higher end)
time and directional variability is of
importance to cosmic sciences
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• The Sun the 11 (or 22) year solar activity cycle
  Cosmic Rays

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time variations of the Heliosphere temperature,
density, magnetic filed, velocity of the
termination shock and radius
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Cosmic ray 1D shell model (red), also for 400
MeV, gt 5 GeV compared with Climax Neutron Monitor
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Cosmic ray fluxes, heat flux, anisotropies and
temperature, density etc
Also the direction of heat flux
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Cosmic ray fluxes, anisotropies and temperature,
density etc
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Cosmic ray fluxes, anisotropies and temperature,
density etc
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(No Transcript)
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?a?ep?st?µ?? ??????
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See Cosmic Rays and Space Weather By Lev I. DORMAN
Cosmic rays are used for forecasting of major
geomagnetic storms accompanied by Forbush-effects.
The global neutron monitor network is used as a
large CR 3D detector This permits the prediction
of the arrival of an interplanetary shock
(CME) using the anisotropies of galactic cosmic
rays (see also Dorman, Belov and colleagues).
Anisotropies of CR can be measured using
detectors on the Moon without the masking and
dstortion of the magnetic filed of he Earth

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NM network, asymptotic directions of cosmic ray
stations (asymptotic directions)
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Scheme of mechanisms of possible precursor
effects in CR (Dorman et al 2003)
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2 days warning!
CR anisotropy
Observations of a precursor effect in CR (from
Dorman et al 2003) Galactic cosmic ray
pre-increase (white circles) and pre-decrease
(grey circles) effects before the Sudden Storm
Commencement (SSC) of great magnetic storm in
September 1992, accompanied with Forbush-decrease
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6 detectors
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26 detectors
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A 3D cosmic ray detector on the Moon

• 3D cosmic ray time dependent distributions can be
  obtained
• using properly positioned cosmic ray detectors
  on the Moon.
• This system can give new insight to the study of
  the modulation of both galactic and solar cosmic
  rays
• It will provide measurements outside the Earths
  magnetosphere of
• the cosmic ray intensity time variability
• the cosmic ray anisotropy time variability
• Earth directed strong solar wind shocks and hence
  
• space weather predictions complementary to other
  methods
• time and directional variations of the spectrum,
  possibly variations of the composition and
  temperature of cosmic rays can also be measured
• Magnetar activity studies will also benefit from
  such an observatory