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Integrated coastal zone management

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Title: Integrated coastal zone management


1
Integrated coastal zone management
"Social demands for outputs from a coastal area
usually exceed the capacity of the area to meet
all demands simultaneously"
2
Integrated management
  • Integrated management is a continuous,
    interactive, adaptive, participatory,
    consensus-building process comprised of a related
    set of tasks, all of which must be carried out to
    achieve a desired set of goals and objectives,
    however they are specified

3
What are these tasks?
  • analysis, including problem identification,
    specification of objectives, delineation of
    analytic and management boundaries
  • design of alternative management strategies
  • research and long-term data collection
  • installation of management practices or
    technologies
  • operation and maintenance of the management
    strategies
  • enforcement
  • monitoring
  • evaluation and
  • financing.
  • Over time.

4
Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) as a
process
  • Societal demands for outputs from a coastal area
    usually exceed the capacity of the area to meet
    all of the demands simultaneously.
  • Coastal resources, e.g., fish and coral reefs,
    are often "common property resources" with "open"
    or "free" access to users.
  • Some process must be used to decide what mix of
    outputs will be produced. That process is ICZM

5
ICZM defined.
  • a continuous and dynamic process by which
    decisions are taken for the sustainable use,
    development, and protection of coastal and marine
    areas and resources.

6
From the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development
  • Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 describes the scope and
    process of ICM programs. The text calls for
    programs that
  • identify existing and projected uses of coastal
    areas with a focus upon their interactions and
    interdependencies
  • concentrate on well-defined issues
  • apply preventive and precautionary approaches in
    project planning and implementation, including
    prior assessment and systematic observation of
    the impacts of major projects
  • promote the development and application of
    methods such as natural resource and
    environmental accounting that reflect changes in
    value resulting from uses of coastal and marine
    areas
  • provide access for concerned individuals, groups
    and organizations to relevant information and
    opportunities for consultation and participation
    in planning and decision-making.

7
Why?
  • the reasons and the catalysts for ICZM are
    usually linked to the level of economic
    development and the severity of environmental
    problems.
  • Regarding the reasons for initiating ICM, the
    majority of respondents to a 1996 international
    survey (56 percent) reported some kind of
    environmental problem, such as depletion of
    resources, pollution, or ecosystem damage.
  • Respondents from developing countries were most
    likely to designate an environmental issue as the
    reason for ICZM initiation (75 percent), followed
    by respondents from middle developing countries
    (53 percent).

8
Major Functions of Integrated Coastal Management
  • Area PlanningPlan for present and future uses of
    coastal and marine areas provide a long term
    vision.
  • Promotion of Economic DevelopmentPromote
    appropriate uses of coastal and marine areas
    (e.g., marine aquaculture, ecotourism).
  • Stewardship of ResourcesProtect the ecological
    base of coastal and marine areas preserve
    biological diversity ensure sustainability of
    uses.
  • Conflict ResolutionHarmonize and balance
    existing and potential uses address conflicts
    among coastal and marine uses.
  • Protection of Public SafetyProtect public safety
    in coastal and marine areas typically prone to
    significant natural, as well as human-made,
    hazards.
  • Proprietorship of Public Submerged Lands and
    WatersAs governments are often outright owners
    of specific coastal and marine areas, manage
    government-held areas and resources wisely and
    with good economic returns to the public.

9
Area planning
  • Studies of coastal environments and their uses
  • Zoning of uses
  • Anticipation of and planning for new uses
  • Regulation of coastal development projects and
    their proximity to the shoreline
  • Public education on the value of coastal and
    marine areas
  • Regulation of public access to coastal and marine
    areas

10
Promotion of Economic Development
  • Industrial Fisheries
  • Artisanal Fisheries
  • Mass tourism
  • Ecotourism
  • Marine aquaculture
  • Marine transportation
  • Port development
  • Marine recreation
  • Offshore minerals
  • Ocean research
  • Access to genetic resources

11
Stewardship of Resources
  • Conduct of environmental assessments
  • Conduct of relative risk assessments
  • Establishment and enforcement of environmental
    standards
  • Protection and improvement of coastal water
    quality (point sources, nonpoint sources)
  • Establishment and management of coastal and
    marine protected areas
  • Conservation and restoration of coastal and
    marine environments (mangrove forests, coral
    reefs, wetlands, etc.)

12
Conflict Resolution
  • Studies of multiple uses and their interactions
  • Applications of conflict resolution methods
  • Mitigation of unavoidable adverse effects on some
    uses

13
  • Protection of Public Safety
  • Reduction of vulnerability to natural disasters
    and global changes (e.g., sea-level rise)
  • Regulation of development in high-risk areas
    through such methods as the establishment of
    "set-back lines
  • Construction of coastal defense measures (e.g.,
    seawalls)
  • Creation of evacuation plans or other measures in
    case of coastal emergency
  • Proprietorship of Public Submerged Lands and
    Waters
  • Establishment of leases and fees for use of
    publicly held coastal and marine resources and
    spaces
  • Establishment of joint ventures to exploit
    nonrenewable resources (e.g., offshore oil)

14
  • "ICM initiatives are designed to develop public
    awareness, build capacity, foster cooperation,
    strengthen institutional and legal frameworks,
    and formulate and implement issue-driven action
    plans."

15
What is capacity ?
  • Legal and administrative capacity--for example,
    to designate a coastal zone, to develop and carry
    out coastal plans, to regulate development in
    vulnerable zones, and to designate areas of
    particular concern.
  • Financial capacity---adequate financial resources
    to carry out the planning and implementation of
    coastal management efforts.
  • Technical capacity--information gathering and
    monitoring of coastal and marine ecosystems and
    processes, patterns of human use, and the
    effectiveness of government coastal management
    programs. Establishment and maintenance of
    coastal database and information system.
  • Human resources capacity --personnel with
    interdisciplinary training in social sciences
    (including law and planning), natural and
    physical sciences, and engineering. Also, public
    awareness and understanding of the coastal ocean
    environment and the problems and opportunities it
    offers.

16
And local capacity.
  • An ICM process must consider all relevant
    practices and traditional knowledge in a given
    locality -typically including fisheries,
    aquaculture, agriculture, forestry, manufacturing
    industry, waste disposal and tourism--in the
    context of the needs and aspirations of the
    communities affected.

17
Top down or bottom up in ICZM
  • Local community concerns are always important in
    ICZM processes, particularly with regard to
    inland areas and coastal lands. On the other
    hand, the national government's role becomes
    increasingly important as one goes farther
    offshore.

18
So its critical to continually monitor the
  • Adequacy of the laws, decrees, and regulations
    under which the present management programs
    operate.
  • Adequacy of administration and execution of the
    program.
  • Adequacy of access to needed expertise (legal,
    scientific and technical, public administration,
    economic).
  • Adequacy of available resources (funding, trained
    staff, facilities).
  • Effectiveness of the programs (enforcement,
    compliance, etc.).
  • Public participation in the programs (existence
    of public hearings and all appeals mechanism,
    transparency of the process).
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