Module 11

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Module 11

• Types of Memory

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INTRODUCTION

• Definitions
• Memory
• ability to retain information over time through
  three processes encoding, storing, and
  retrieving
• Encoding
• refers to making mental representations of
  information so that it can be placed into our
  memories

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INTRODUCTION

• Definitions
• Storing
• process of placing encoded information into
  relatively permanent mental storage for later
  recall
• Retrieving
• process of getting or recalling information that
  has been placed into short-term or long-term
  storage

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THREE TYPES OF MEMORY

• Sensory memory
• refers to an initial process that receives and
  holds environmental information in its raw form
  for a brief period of time, from and instant to
  several seconds
• Short-term memory
• also called working-memory, refers to another
  process that can hold only a limited amount of
  information, an average of seven items - 2 to 30
  seconds
• Long-term memory
• refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
  amounts of information over long periods of time

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THREE TYPES OF MEMORY

• Memory processes
• sensory memory
• do not pay attention, information is forgotten
• pay attention, information is automatically
  transferred into short-term memory
• short-term memory
• do not pay attention
• information is not encoded and is forgotten
• long-term memory
• encoded information will remain on a relatively
  permanent basis

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SHORT TERM MEMORY WORKING

• Definition
• refers to a process that can hold a limited
  amount of information-an average of seven
  items-for a limited period of time 2 to 30
  seconds
• Two features
• limited duration
• maintenance rehearsal
• refers to the practice of intentionally repeating
  or rehearsing information so that it remains
  longer in short-term memory

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SHORT TERM MEMORY WORKING

• Two features
• limited capacity
• Interference
• results when new information enters short-term
  memory and overwrites or pushes out information
  that is already there
• Chunking
• combining separate items of information into a
  larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering
  chunks of information rather than individual
  items

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SHORT TERM MEMORY WORKING

• Functions of short-tem memory
• Attending
• selectively attend to information that is
  relevant and disregard everything else
• Rehearsing
• allows you to hold information for a short period
  of time until you decide what to do with it
• Storing
• helps to store or encode information in long-term
  memory

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LONG-TERM MEMORY STORING

• Putting information into long-term memory
• Long-term memory
• refers to the process of storing almost unlimited
  amounts of information over long periods of time
  with the potential of retrieving, or remembering,
  such information in the future
• Encoding
• process of transferring information from
  short-term to long-term memory by paying
  attention to it, repeating or rehearsing it, or
  forming new associations
• Retrieving
• process of selecting information from long-term
  memory and transferring it back into short-term
  memory

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LONG-TERM MEMORY STORING

• Declarative memory
• involves memories for facts or events, such as
  scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or
  daily events
• 1. Semantic memory
• type of declarative memory and that involves
  knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions,
  and language rules
• 2. Episodic memory
• type of declarative memory and that involves
  knowledge of specific events, personal
  experiences (episodes), or activities, such as
  naming or describing favorite restaurants, or
  hobbies

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Short-term vs. Long-term

• Primacy Effect
• refers to better recall or, or improvement in
  retention of information presented at the
  beginning of task
• Recency Effect
• refers to better recall, or improvement in
  retention of information presented at the end of
  a task
• Primacy-recency effect
• refers to better recall of information presented
  at the beginning and end of a task

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LONG-TERM MEMORY STORING

• Declarative versus procedural or nondeclarative
• Procedural or nondeclarative memory
• involves memories for motor skills (playing
  tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through
  classical conditioning

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ENCODING TRANSFERING

• Rehearsing and encoding
• Maintenance rehearsal
• refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the
  information rather than forming any new
  associations
• Elaborative rehearsal
• involves using effort to actively make meaningful
  associations between new information that you
  wish to remember and old or familiar information
  that is already stored in long-term memory

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Biological Bases of Memory

• Location of memories in the brain
• Hippocampus transferring memories
• transfers words, facts, and personal events from
  short-term memory into permanent long-term memory
• Making a long-term memory
• Long-term potentiation (LTP)
• refers to change in the structure and function of
  neurons after they have been repeatedly
  stimulated
• neuroscientists believe that the LTP process,
  which changes the structure and function of
  neurons, is the most likely basis for learning
  and memory in animals and humans

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